War Studies Online. Modules. Dissertation. Module code: 7SSWM181. Credit level: 7. Credit value: 60 credits

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1 Modules Dissertation Module code: 7SSWM181 Credit value: 60 credits Teaching pattern: 1 x 4 weeks for Dissertation Preparation module and then write up time 1 x 15,000- word dissertation Relations and Contemporary War 2: Problems and Issues Attend residential dissertation workshop The Dissertation is a core requirement for the MA, and represents one third of the assessment overall. It is therefore an important element of the MA programme, since it provides the opportunity to demonstrate specialized understanding and engagement with associated scholarly debates, and exercise independent critical judgment. This makes the Dissertation a major project, which demands considerable time, effort, and organizational ability, but which also provides you with an opportunity to explore an aspect of international relations and contemporary war that particularly interests you. Researching and writing a Dissertation is one of the most challenging and rewarding tasks you will face as an MA student. In contrast with the mode of study in the taught modules it is your responsibility to identify a viable topic; conduct the necessary research; produce a sustained and coherent argument within a limit of 15,000 words. The Dissertation module will equip you with the knowledge and skills to undertake this work. We first consider what is involved in the planning and design of a research project. We then move on to study the particular strengths and weaknesses of the range of research methods available, provide guidance on conducting bibliographic searches and compiling a literature review, and discuss the wide variety of online and print resources. Finally, you are asked to put together a research proposal 1

2 and preliminary bibliography for your Dissertation, which will be approved by your Tutor before you embark on your research and writing. A key element in this part of the MA programme is ensuring that your Dissertation project is viable, and this aspect will form a major part of your supervisor's assessment of the suitability of your proposal. A viable topic is one that can be addressed within the resources available. You will be given further guidance on this when you embark on the Dissertation module. Dissertations must be written by the student without any unacknowledged quotation or close paraphrasing of the work of other authors. Additionally, a dissertation may be original in that it makes a fresh contribution to knowledge or presents a wholly novel interpretation or argument: MA dissertations often meet this high standard of originality, but it is not a requirement that they do so. The manner in which your Dissertation is presented, and the diligence with which it has been prepared and illustrated, are considered integral to the quality of the Dissertation and will be reflected in the marking. Typing errors, spelling mistakes, inaccurate calculation, poor grammar, and convoluted syntax are frowned upon. On the contrary, effective written expression is a core criterion for the assessment of the Dissertation. Induction and Orientation (Online) - Required Credit value: N/A Teaching pattern: Compulsory course, non- credit, 1 week : None The Induction and Orientation module provides a comprehensive introduction to the King's College London virtual learning environment, (KEATS) and War Studies Online. Studying it allows you to familiarize yourself with the online learning environment through which your masters degree is delivered. In the Induction and Orientation module you will have the opportunity to begin planning and managing your work. Above all, the Induction and Orientation module provides you with a supported introduction to the shared experience of online learning before you embark on the academic part of the programme. Aims The aims of this module are: 2

3 To set out the structure and assessment requirements of the programme to familiarize you with all aspects of the learning environments, including study tools, discussion forums, calendar, and help facilities to provide guidance on using online resources to allow you to introduce yourself to your tutors and your fellow students to involve you through introductory exercises in both the learning and the social aspects of the programme Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this module, you will have gained: confidence in using the online learning environment familiarity with the assessment requirements of the programme familiarity with the skills required for studying at graduate level and with the resources available for doing so International Relations and Contemporary War 1: Theories and Concepts - Required Module code: 7SSWM221 Semester: Semester 1 (autumn) 1 x word short essay 3

4 Realism and the Security Dilemma Liberalism, security regimes and the Liberal peace Constructivism, security cultures, identities and norms Marxism, critical theory and critical security studies Causes of War and Conditions for Peace This is the first of two core modules for the MA International Relations and Contemporary War programme. Its aim is to introduce you to the main theories and concepts in the disciplines of International Relations and War/Security and Peace/Conflict Studies and how they apply to the analysis of contemporary war. The organisation of the module follows the historical trajectory of the discipline of international relations and its theoretical development, focusing in particular on how each school of thought thinks theoretically about war and peace. We begin with the dominant theoretical approaches of Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism and analyse each in relation to the security culture it favours: Realists are concerned with the balance of power and security dilemmas, Liberals with security regimes and the Liberal Democratic Peace, and Constructivists with security cultures, identity and norms. The three dominant paradigms share ontological and epistemological assumptions that make it possible to study the debates between as well as within them. In unit 4, we take a different turn and consider a range of alternative (so- called post- modern and/or post- structuralist) approaches, grouped together under the heading Marxism, Critical Theory and Critical Security Studies. We end by synthesising approaches to questions of war and peace in International Relations Theory with key theories and concepts in War/Security and Peace/Conflict studies about the causes, conduct and character of contemporary war. International Relations and Contemporary War 2: Problems and Issues Required Module code: 7SSWM222 Semester: Semester 2 (spring) 1 x word short essay 4

5 The changing character of war and security Globalization and international (dis)order Identity, nationalism and ethnic conflict Conflict, security and development Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Intervention This module builds on the knowledge and understanding of theories and concepts of International Relations and Contemporary War gained in the first core module and applies them to contemporary problems and issues. In the first unit, we will consider aspects of the changing character of war and conceptions of security. We move on to look at the structure of the international system and challenges arising from processes of globalisation. Next, we consider the politics of identity and the role of nationalism, ethnicity and religion in conflict. In Unit 3, we consider the security and development nexus, focusing on aspects of the human security agenda, poverty and underdevelopment, the resource curse and state failure. We end with the relationship between order, security and justice in international relations and contemporary war, focusing on the development and application of human rights law, international humanitarian law and humanitarian intervention. In exploring these empirical themes, we will be applying the theories considered in the first core module. For example, ethnic conflict may be explained in Realist terms as the product of unstable regional balance of power dynamics, in Liberal terms as the result of illiberal 'hypernationalist' politics, and in Constructivist terms as the outcome of constructed fears of the other. African Security Optional Module code: 7SSWM183 5

6 1 x word essay Postcolonial Africa The Cold War in Africa Post- Cold War Security Challenges Africa's New Peace and Security Architecture Africa and International Security This module allows for a more specialized study of security in Africa than will have been possible in the core modules, and focuses more closely on the internal dynamics of the particular conflicts that have taken place as well as the role of external actors. Key issues that have brought Africa to the focus of international attention include the autocratic tendencies of some of its leaders, the mismanagement of some countries' economies, in particular the corruption of elites with regard to the exploitation of natural resources, and the weakness of some state institutions, notably those charged with the management of security. Given Africa's diversity, we must be wary of making generalizations. Nevertheless, there are common themes and experiences that link African countries, such as the legacy of colonialism, the nature of post- colonial regimes, super- power competition during the Cold War and internal struggles for the control of valuable natural resources. In this course, we aim to take a closer look at these themes together with post- Cold War security challenges of state failure, poverty, disease, ethnic conflict and external intervention as they affect specific countries or regions in Africa. We also consider the ways in which the continent is trying to use the experiences of the past to address the challenges of the present and the expectations of its future. Air Power Studies 1: The Quest to Remove Battle From War - Optional Module code: 7SSWM152 6

7 Semester: Semester 1 (autumn) 1 x word essay The 'Theorists' World War II The Cold War Limited Wars Air Power and Ethics Since the advent of air power during World War I its advocates have argued that in many ways it changed strategy forever. Traditional beliefs that decisive battles determined the outcomes of conflicts gave way to new assertions that, by operating directly against the enemy's centres of governance or its population, air power could achieve strategic results without the need for costly and bloody battles. Throughout the twentieth century's seemingly endless wars, attempts to achieve results in this fashion had the nature, and sometimes the appearance, of experimentation. Strategists and campaign planners struck at different targets at different times with mixed results that have been difficult to assess and measure. Alongside those campaigns, and ordinarily gaining far less attention, "tactical" aviators attacked traditional military targets upon battlefields, believing that the destruction of enemy forces in victorious battles would still, as always, prove decisive. Unfolding in a broadly chronological fashion, with a much closer focus on theories and ideas than on events, this module will explore the relative strategic influence of both independent and integrated air campaigns through analysis of their aims, effects and ethics. Air Power Studies 2: Case Studies of Integrated Air Power Optional 7

8 Module code: 7SSWM153 Semester: Semester 2 (spring) 1 x word essay The Eastern Front The Arab- Israeli Wars, The Vietnam War The Gulf Wars The 'War on Terror' Consistent with and building upon the theme of Air Power Studies 1:The Quest for a New Strategy, but fully self- contained and able to stand alone, this module assesses a range of historical case studies of campaigns in which air power ostensibly contributed significantly to joint battles. Through in- depth campaign analyses the module seeks to determine the degree to which so- called 'tactical' inputs to battle can produce 'strategic' outcomes. It also examines the complex and sometimes awkward relationship between air forces and surface forces. These issues are powerfully important in our era in which protracted wars between industrialised states have become less frequent and less likely than intra- state conflicts and insurgencies. The case studies include: the Eastern Front, the North African Campaign, the Arab- Israeli Wars, the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, the Gulf Wars and the War on Terror. 8

9 History of Contemporary Warfare 1: The Early Cold War, Optional Module code: 7SSWM197 Semester: Semester 1 (autumn) 1 x word short essay The Origins of the Cold War in Europe, The Spread of the Cold War to Asia, The Cold War in the Middle East, The Nuclear Arms Race and the Cuban Missile Crisis, The Vietnam War, This module examines the development of contemporary warfare during the period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s. It is a key component of the overall programme and provides the foundation for the more detailed engagement with issues and concepts relating to the conduct of war in the modern world that follows in the later modules. As well as gaining knowledge and understanding of the key events of the early Cold War, you are encouraged to examine developments in strategic theory and crisis management. This is achieved by extensive use in the learning objects of archival material to demonstrate how vital issues of war and peace presented themselves to political leaders at times of crisis, and the difficult choices they faced. Our main focus is the military and political impact of the global rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. The module begins by examining the origins of the Cold War with the 9

10 emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers and the division of Europe, culminating in the Berlin Blockade in The module then analyses the spread of the Cold War to Asia and the Middle East, with a particular focus on the Korean War and the 1956, 1967 and 1973 Arab- Israeli Wars. The module also examines another key feature of the Cold War: the nuclear arms race. It follows the qualitative and quantitative nuclear arms race between the superpowers and considers the different strategies of nuclear war. As an example, the unit looks at the most dangerous nuclear confrontation of the Cold War, the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. The module concludes with a detailed study of the Vietnam War. History of Contemporary Warfare 2: From Cold War to The War On Terror - Optional Module code: 7SSWM198 Semester: Semester 2 (spring) 1 x word short essay You must also complete International Relations and Contemporary War 1: Theories and Concepts and International Strife in the Communist World, The Rise and Fall of Détente, The Reagan Offensive and the Afghan War, The End of the Cold War, The 'New World Order' 10

11 This module examines the development of contemporary warfare from the mid Cold War until the start of the 21st Century. It is a key component of the overall programme and provides the foundation for the more detailed engagement with issues and concepts relating to the conduct of war in the modern world which follows in the later modules. As well as knowledge and understanding of the key events of the years from 1975 to 2001, students will be encouraged to examine developments in strategic theory and the conduct of war. The main focus of this module is the end game in the Cold War, as the United States finally overcame the Soviet Union and established itself as the dominant global power. The module starts off by looking at the divisions within the communist sphere, with the abortive East European rebellions against Soviet rule and China's split with Moscow. We consider how the Sino- Soviet split and a restive Eastern Europe affected the Cold War as a whole. The module also examines Ronald Reagan's global offensive against the USSR and the increased American support for anti- Marxist rebels in the Third World in the 1980s. In particular, we analyse the Soviet war in Afghanistan and investigate why the Soviets failed to achieve their goals there. The module then looks at Mikhail Gorbachev's disengagement from the Third World, the revolutions in Eastern Europe and the collapse of the Soviet Union. We assess why the Cold War ended and why it ended with a Soviet defeat. The module concludes by examining the configuration of world politics after the end of the Cold War and it considers some of the key texts that influenced the immediate post- Cold War security debates: were we, in 1991, witnessing the start of a American led 'New World Order' or a return to international anarchy? As part of this discussion we study the main crises and conflicts of the period, such as the first Gulf War (1991), the wars in the former Yugoslavia, the failed United States' intervention in Somalia and the genocide in Rwanda. Insurgency and Counterinsurgency Optional Module code: 7SSWM187 1 x word essay 11

12 International Relations and Contemporary War, you must also complete International Relations and Contemporary War 1: Theories and Concepts and International Relations and Contemporary War 2: Problems and Issues. Before Mao Maoist Insurgency Transition The Counterinsurgency Revival Global Insurgency This module is about forms of conflict known as insurgency, acts of rebellion against constituted political authorities. There are many ways of challenging the political order through violent and non- violent means, and the subject of insurgency is consequently a broad one. For many years, it has suffered relative professional and academic neglect, perhaps because it is so complex and perhaps also because it generates much confusion and debate. Ultimately, it refuses to be straitjacketed into the rubric of regular war, a situation compounded by a series of recent conflicts that throw into question strategic assumptions about contemporary and future warfare. This module takes an evolutionary approach to the study of insurgency. Insurgency can be traced back millennia as a means of mobilising collective action by the population against an established administrative authority or state, but we focus in this module on the more recent history of insurgency and counterinsurgency (COIN). Unit 1, 'Before Mao', looks at the roots of insurgency in order to outline its enduring principles and features. We look in particular at the legacy of one of the more romantic insurgent figures, Lawrence of Arabia, who wrote a treatise on The Science of Guerrilla Warfare. We will also examine the defining tactical method of the insurgent propaganda of the deed before moving on to consider pre- Maoist counterinsurgency, focusing primarily on British practice and theory. Unit 2, 'Maoist Insurgency,' begins with the 1949 victory of Mao's revolution in China and describes the essential characteristics of Maoist insurgency, the insurgent archetype for many decades after. We explore the counterinsurgency doctrines that emerged in response to it, with a particular focus on Galula and Kitson. We will also consider the varying approaches of Britain in Malaya and the United States in Vietnam in order to understand the respective outcomes in these campaigns. 12

13 Unit 3, 'Transition', explores the evolution of the Maoist prototype of insurgency to a form more reflective of the increasingly urbanised and international post- WWII world. A major focus is on how two insurgent groups in particular, the IRA and the PLO, harnessed the international media to achieve their strategic aims. We will also look at the phenomenon of failing states and its impact on insurgency thinking, and discuss the characteristics of the so- called 'New Wars' and other ways of understanding insurgent violence after the end of the Cold War. Unit 4, The Counterinsurgency Revival, focuses on expeditionary COIN in the early 21st century and how COIN theory and practice have been applied, misapplied and argued over. We also explore what the implications of these debates are for force posture and structure, and for national strategy and international security, in the years to come. We will look at the case studies of counterinsurgency in Afghanistan and Iraq and assess how American and British COIN doctrine and practice fared in these expeditionary conflicts. Unit 5, Global Insurgency, assesses evolutionary theories proposing a new mode of political violence, the global insurgency, epitomised thus far by al- Qaeda since 9/11. We look at insurgency as a globalised form of political violence, enabled by networked flows of people, resources and ideas in an increasingly interconnected and interdependent world. We ask whether there is a new virtual dimension of political violence and how we might revise the concept of propaganda of the deed as a key strategic factor in global insurgencies fought not only on physical battlefields but in the hearts and minds of diverse and globalised populations. Intelligence in War and Peace Optional Module code: 7SSWM199 1 x word essay 13

14 Understanding Intelligence Evolution and Organization of Intelligence The Intelligence Analyst and Policy Maker Intelligence and War Intelligence and Counter- insurgency Intelligence in War and Peace explores the complexities and difficulties of using intelligence in war and outside war. It is not explicitly a history of intelligence use, incorporating study of various intelligence theories, as well as how intelligence failures occur and how they might be avoided. It deals with practical issues of intelligence analysis, explores intelligence organisation in the Western World over the last 60 years, and examines how the use of intelligence in conventional and unconventional warfare has changed in this period. The module explores a range of themes, from cognitive dissonance and other practical problems of intelligence analysis, to the history of the evolution of intelligence organization in Britain and the US since It explores the use of intelligence in peace- time, including national security and counter- terrorism. The use of intelligence in war is also explored in a thematic fashion. Intelligence has been and will continue to be an important force- multiplier in conventional warfare, and new technology is increasing the chances of success. However, in counterinsurgency, high- tech means of intelligence collection is partnered with more conventional approaches, focusing on the attainment of cultural, social and demographic intelligence. International Law and the Use of Force Optional Module code: 7SSWM186 1 x word essay 14

15 Law, war, ethics and crime Collective security and the United Nations system Humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect Self- defence Law and war in the post- 911 world International law is at the forefront of political, academic and public discourse about the use of force. This is evident from the content and tone of debates about whether the international community was in breach of its obligation to intervene to stop the genocide in Rwanda, and, conversely, whether NATO's action against Serbia over Kosovo in the absence of explicit UNSC authorisation overstepped the boundaries of international law. More recently, it has been evident in discussions about the status and treatment of detainees at Guantanamo, the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the treatment of prisoners in Iraq and Afghanistan and the launching of air strikes against Libya in Concurrent with this development is an increasing trend toward international judicial intervention in cases where there have been widespread and systematic violations of international humanitarian law and human rights, with the establishment of ad hoc international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, a Special Court for Sierra Leone and a permanent International Criminal Court. Discussions of legality feature ever more prominently in public discourse on the use of force, with allegations of war crimes levelled against political leaders on all sides. All of this has given rise to a need for a more systematic and thorough understanding of the regulation of armed conflict, and of the legal and ethical restraints on the use of force. This course is designed to provide a framework in which to discuss these important issues. The course begins by considering the evolution of ethical and legal restraints on the use of force, culminating in the prohibition on the use of force enshrined in the United Nations Charter in all but exceptional circumstances. Units 2, 3 and 4 consider the scope of these exceptions in detail. Drawing on legal texts, academic debates and case studies, in unit 2 we consider the meaning and application of collective security under Article 42 of the UN Charter, the evolution of peacekeeping from its inception to the large footprint peacebuilding missions of the late- 1990s and the legal framework for 15

16 the regulation of peace operations devolved to regional actors. In unit 3, we consider the evolution of the Responsibility to Protect and its application in Kosovo, Darfur, Iraq, Libya and beyond. In unit 4, we consider the scope and application of the right of self- defence, from traditional understandings and interpretations of Article 51 of the UN Charter to its application in a contemporary world faced with threats of nuclear weapons proliferation, acts of terrorism and cyber- war, to name but a few. Finally, in unit 5, we consider the scope and application of international law governing the use of force in the post- 911 world and consider key challenges posed by the character of contemporary war and the 'War on Terror'. Middle Eastern Security - Optional Module code: 7SSWM182 1 x word essay Out of Imperialism The Arab- Israeli Wars Settlement and Resistance Conflict and Containment Democracy in the Middle East 16

17 This module provides students with an opportunity to study them in depth, adding to knowledge gained in the core modules. The first part of the module sets the scene by examining the imperialist history of the region and the forms decolonization took, before considering two enduring influences on regional affairs the impacts of oil and Islam. The second part of the module focuses on Zionism and the Arab- Israeli conflict, which has wracked the region from the middle part of the 20th century to the present day. The third part of the module will look at conflict in the Persian Gulf region, including the Iran- Iraq war, the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, the two Gulf Wars (1991 and 2003) and the subsequent insurgency in Iraq. Finally the module examines the development of democracy in the Middle East, including the Arab Spring of 2011 and the subsequent conflicts. Seapower Optional Module code: 7SSWM200 1 x word essay The Nature of Seapower Tools of Seapower Securing the Sea Exercising Seapower Seapower in the Contemporary World 17

18 Sea power explores a variety of aspects relating to the development and employment of naval forces in relation to war in the modern world. The approach encompasses elements of naval strategic thinking, naval history and an overview of contemporary naval operations to provide a broad understanding of the interaction between sea power and nations' wider strategic interests. The module begins by highlighting the complexities of defining what sea power is and how differing approaches to the employment of naval force have evolved over the past century. The components of sea power are outlined, as is the relationship between technological innovation and the evolution of naval power. It further explores the concepts surrounding securing command of the sea and conversely denying its use by opponents. Unlike land warfare the purpose of naval force is not to take and hold ground, but rather to protect maritime communications and influence events ashore. In this role naval power projection and expeditionary warfare are examined. In addition to the wartime activities of naval forces the considerable array of peacetime duties, ranging from diplomatic tools and confidence building measures, constabulary and humanitarian operations are explored. Historic case studies are employed to outline timeless principles and key moments in the evolution of modern sea power. These are balanced by contemporary examples, like anti- piracy operations or the current maritime build- up in the Asia- Pacific region to illustrate the continued importance of sea power in the contemporary world. South Asian Security Optional Module code: 7SSWM184 1 x word essay 18

19 The India- Pakistan Wars Kashmir Nuclear Weapons and Indo- Pakistani Crises The United States and South Asia Afghanistan Some of the most important events in world history since 1945 have taken place in South Asia. At the beginning of the 21st century the region is a centre of both profound economic importance with the rise of India, but also a locus of global conflict in the context of the War on Terror, especially with military operations in Afghanistan. Historically, Afghanistan has been an important part of the strategic and security atlas of South Asia and as such is included in this module. The region is also the site of potential major war between two nuclear powers. This module will provide students an opportunity to study the region in depth, adding to knowledge gained in the core courses. The first part of the course will set the scene by examining the imperialist history of the region, and particularly the form and impact of decolonisation which set the stage of the Indo- Pakistan Wars, as well as the importance of the Kashmir region as a source of conflict. The next part of the course will look at the interaction of the region with two key external strategic players: the United States and China. Finally it will address the development of nuclear weapons in the region and its impact on the security dynamic therein. Strategic Dimensions of Contemporary Warfare - Optional Module code: 7SSWM179 1 x word essay 19

20 Theory and Theorists Strategic Air Power and Nuclear Deterrence War on Land and at Sea Peacekeeping and Counter- insurgency Influences on the Conduct of Contemporary Warfare This module examines a range of approaches to strategic studies and the conduct of contemporary warfare, including the role of nuclear weapons and nuclear strategy; theories of guerrilla warfare and counter- insurgency; the concept of a 'revolution in military affairs' of the 1990s; the evolution of joint warfare; the 'strategic' use of airpower; forms of land warfare; maritime operations; and peacekeeping and nation- building. Finally, we consider the prospects for the conduct of future wars. 20

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