EVOLUTION OF MARS LECTURE 18 NEEP 533 HARRISON H. SCHMITT
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1 EVOLUTION OF MARS LECTURE 18 NEEP 533 HARRISON H. SCHMITT NASA HST IMAGE
2 N THARSIS HELLAS S
3 ANDESITE OR WEATHERED SOIL DUST DUST DUST BASALT
4 ~100 KM A C B THEMIS THERMAL IMAGING OF SPIRIT LANDING AREA IN GUSEV CRATER A. SPIRIT LANDING ELLIPSE B. CLOSER VIEW OF SPIRIT LANDING ELLIPSE C. NIGHT IR IMAGE: BRIGHT AREAS ARE MORE ROCKY. ARROW POINTS TO ROCKY SLOPE
5 SPIRIT MOVED TO GUSEV CRATER POSSIBLE LAKE BED IN LARGE BASIN
6 A C B THEMIS THERMAL IMAGING OF OPPORTUNITYLANDING AREA IN MERIDIANI PLANUM A. LANDING ELLIPSE ~120 KM LONG) B. CLOSER VIEW OF LANDING ELLIPSE C. NIGHT IR IMAGE: BRIGHT AREAS ARE MORE ROCKY. ARROW POINTS TO ROCKY SLOPE
7 S TAGE 1 2 3A 3B 3C 3D LUNAR?? MAJOR STAGES OF MARS EVOLUTION?? ? BEGINNING 3.8? SUBSURFACE HYDROSPHERE / CRYOSPHERE?? MAGMA OCEAN / CONVECTIVE OVERTURN CRATERED UPLANDS / VERY LARGE BASINS CORE FORMATION/GLOBAL MAGNETIC FIELD LARGE BASINS CATACLYSM? NORTHERN HEMISPHERE BASALTIC / ANDESITIC VOLCANISM PRESENT SURFACE CONDITIONS GLOBAL MAFIC VOLCANISM? DENSE WATER / CO 2 ATMOSPHERE EROSION / LAKES / NORTHERN OCEAN THARSIS UPLIFT AND VOLCANISM ITALICS = SNC DATES BILLIONS OF YEARS BEFORE PRESENT?? RED = MAJOR UNCERTAINTY
8 OLYMPUS MONS TOPOGRAPHY OF THARSIS REGION VALLES MARINERIS
9 THARSIS REGION SHADED RELIEF DETAIL MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR MOLA OLYMPUS MONS VALLES MARINERIS
10 THARSIS EVENTS <3.8 B.Y. THICKENING ATMOSPHERE: CO 2, H 2 0 CRYOSPHERE / HYDROSPHERE OLIVINE/ NA- PYROXENE CUMULATE OLIVINE CUMULATE APOLLO MODEL OF MARS EVOLUTION? ELYSIUM MONS ANDESITIC EXTRUSIONS THARSIS? MAFIC UPPER MANTLE WITH INCREASING SI AND FE UPWARDS ANDESITIC INTRUSIONS? GARNET / NA-CPX/ NA-BIOTITE?/NA- HORNBLENDE/ RUTILE CUMULATES RELIC MAGNETIC STRIPING Harrison H. Schmitt University of Wisconsin- Madison??? (TRANSITION ZONE) = 400km RELIC PROTO- CORE? FE x NI y S z CORE THICKENED SOUTHERN CRUST AND BASALTIC VOLCANICS
11 GRAVITY ANOMALY IMAGE DRAPED OVER A THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) VIEW OF TOPOGRAPHY Arabia Terra Antipodal Rise Antipodal Rise PHIILLIPS, R.J., AND CO-WORKERS, 2001, SCIENCE, 291,
12 BREACH POINTS ARSIA MONS (SOUTH THARSIS CHANNEL MOLA DATA APPLIED TO VIKING IMAGES OUTFLOW AREA CHANNEL OUTFLOW AREA
13 OLYMPUS MONS ASA/JPL/MOLA 50 KM APOLLINARIS PATERNA NASA/JPL/MALIN SCIENCE SYSTEMS
14 MOLA PROFILES ACROSS OLYMPUS MONS ALBAPATERA ARSIA MONS MOLA SCIENCE TEAM
15 WESTWARD VIEW DOWN VALLES MARINERIS (MOLA SCIENCE TEAM)
16 THARSIS EVENTS <3.8 -? B.Y. THICKENING ATMOSPHERE: CO 2, H 2 0 CRYOSPHERE / HYDROSPHERE OLIVINE/ NA- PYROXENE CUMULATE OLIVINE CUMULATE APOLLO MODEL OF MARS EVOLUTION? ELYSIUM MONS THARSIS VALLES MARINERIS? LATE NORTHERN OCEAN AND OTHER LAKES WITH OUTFLOW SEDIMENTATION MAFIC UPPER MANTLE WITH INCREASING SI AND FE UPWARDS VALLES MARINERIS OUTFLOW ANDESITE ROCKS GARNET / NA-CPX/ NA-BIOTITE?/NA- HORNBLENDE/ RUTILE CUMULATES RELIC MAGNETIC STRIPING Harrison H. Schmitt University of Wisconsin- Madison??? (TRANSITION ZONE) = 400km RELIC PROTO- CORE? FE x NI y S z CORE THICKENED SOUTHERN CRUST AND BASALTIC VOLCANICS
17 VALLES MARINARIS LOOKING NORTH ESA MARS EXPRESS ORBITER 1700 KM 65 KM
18 VALLES MARINERIS AND OUTFLOW CHANNEL ELEVATIONS NASA/MOLA
19 MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR MEASURED GRAVITY TOPOGRAPHIC PREDICTION OF GRAVITY BURIED CHANNEL INTO NORTHERN LOWLANDS?
20 OUTFLOW CHANNEL, KASEI VALLES NASA VIKING MOSAIC
21 HRAD VALLIS OUTFLOW CHANNEL FEATURES
22 GANGES CHASMA OUTFLOW 3D NASA/JPL/MALIN SCIENCE SYSTEMS
23 KASEI VALLI ESA MARS EXPRESS ORBITER
24 REULL VALLIS, EAST OF HELLAS ESA MARS EXPRESS
25 NORTH POLAR CAP TOPOGRAPY OF NORTHERN LOWLANDS ELYSIUM VOLCANIC REGION
26 A. LINEAR SLOPE CHANGES ON ALBA PATERA. B. MOLA PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF APPARENT TERRACES AT THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF UTOPIA PLANITIA. C. MOLA PROFILE ACROSS SOUTHERN UTOPIA PLANITIA HEAD, J.W.,III, AND CO-WORKERS, 1999, SCIENCE, 286,
27 LOW HIGH MOLA SLOPE MAP (OVER 30 KM) LOW MOLA ROUGHNESS MAP (OVER 35 KM WINDOW HIGH NASA MARS GOLBAL SURVEYOR/MOLA
28 MOLA ROUGHNESS BRIGHT IS ROUGH MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR
29 NOTE: OLDER, CONTACT 1, AND TO A LESSER DEGREE, CONTACT 2 ARE MOST DISPLACED UPWARD IN AREAS OF THE THARSIS, ARABIA, AND ELYSIUM RISES WHICH MUST POST-DATE A POSSIBLE EARLY NORTHERN OCEAN. ELYSIUM RISE THARSIS RISE ARABIA RISE PROPOSED SHORELINES FOR A NORTHERN OCEAN ON MARS HEAD, J.W.,III, AND CO-WORKERS, 1999, SCIENCE, 286,
30 SEQUENCIAL FLOODING OF NORTHERN LOWLANDS HEAD, J.W.,III, AND CO-WORKERS, 1999, SCIENCE, 286, STIPPLED SHOWS POLYGONAL GROUND CRATER ONSET DIAMETERS INCREASE RADIALLY 500M DEPTH 1000M DEPTH 1490M DEPTH CONTACT M DEPTH MEAN CONTACT 1
31 THARSIS / ELYSIUM VOLCANISM UPLIFT CONSEQUENCES - 1 THARSIS / ELYSIUM VOLCANISM PARTIAL MELTING OF MANTLE» CONCENTRATION OF RADIOISOTOPES IN HIGH PRESSURE MANTLE (?) 3 X 10 3 KM 3 MAGMA IN SURFACE EXPRESSION OF THARSIS RISE DENSE C0 2 AND H 2 0 ATMOSPHERE ACTIVATION OF HYDROSPHERE, CRYOSPHERE AND CARBONATE DEPOSITS PRIMARY WATER FROM HYDROUS MINERALS IN LOWER MANTLE (?) ANDESITIC RESURFACING OF NORTHERN LOWLANDS
32 THARSIS / ELYSIUM VOLCANISM UPLIFT CONSEQUENCES -2 THARSIS RISE BEGAT ARABIA TERRA RISE EXTENTIONAL FRACTURING TO GIVE GIANT RIFT VALLEYS BECAME OUTFLOW CHANNELS HEAT TO ACTIVATE THE HYDROSPHERE/CRYOSPHERE SOURCE FOR OUTFLOW FLOODS TROUGH SURROUNDING THARSIS NORTHWARD FLOW FROM MAJOR OUTFLOW CHANNELS ERODED MATERIALS DEPOSITED ON NORTHERN OCEAN BED UPWARD DEFORMATION OF THE EARLY NORTHERN OCEAN SHORELINE LATE, LOCAL DEFORMATION OF LATE NORTHERN OCEAN SHORELINE
33 NORTHERN LOWLANDS/OCEANS LARGE, IRREGULAR BASIN SEVERAL VERY LARGE IMPACTS(?) DICHOTOMY SIMILAR TO MOON INTERNAL PROCESS THAT THINNED CRUST(?) EVIDENCE FOR NORTHERN OCEAN(S) DRAINAGE FROM VALLEY NETWORKS (EARLY VOLCANISM) ABUNDANCE OF OLD LAYERED ROCKS DRAINAGE FROM OUTFLOW CHANNELS (THARSIS VOLCANISM) SHORELINE / STANDSTILL TERRACES(?) SMOOTH TOPOGRAPHY RELATIVE TO SOUTHERN UPLANDS VOLUME ENCLOSED PLAUSIBLE RELATIVE TO POTENTIAL WATER VOLUME EVIDENCE FOR RECENT OR CURRENT GROUND ICE OR GROUND WATER POLYGONAL GROUND RAMPART CRATER EJECTA NEUTRON SPECTOMETRIC DATA FROM MARS ODYSSEY
34 HYDROGEN
35 APOLLO MODEL OF MARS EVOLUTION PRESENT NORTH POLAR ICE CAP CONDITIONS? B.Y. THIN ATMOSPHERE: CO 2, DUST CRYOSPHERE / HYDROSPHERE OLIVINE/ NA- PYROXENE CUMULATE OLIVINE CUMULATE? ELYSIUM MONS THARSIS MAFIC UPPER MANTLE WITH INCREASING SI AND FE UPWARDS VALLES MARINERIS? VALLES MARINERIS OUTFLOW ANDESITE ROCKS GARNET / NA-CPX/ NA-BIOTITE?/NA- HORNBLENDE/ RUTILE CUMULATES RELIC MAGNETIC STRIPING Harrison H. Schmitt University of Wisconsin- Madison SOUTH POLAR ICE CAP??? (TRANSITION ZONE) = 400km RELIC PROTO- CORE? FE x NI y S z CORE THICKENED SOUTHERN CRUST AND BASALTIC VOLCANICS
36 NORTH POLE TOPOGRAPHY MOLA SCIENCE TEAM
37 3D VIEW OF NORTH POLAR CAP MOLA SCIENCE TEAM/ NASA/GFSC SVS
38 SOUTH POLE TOPOGRAPHY MOLA SCIENCE TEAM
39 SOUTH POLAR CAP NASA/JPL/MALIN SCIENCE SYSTEMS
40 H 2 0 CO 2 MARS ORBITER ESA-OMEGA VISIBLE / IR MARS EXPRESS JANUARY 2004
41 EVIDENCE OF RECENT WATER FLOW MALIN, M.C., AND K.S. EDGETT, 2000, SCIENCE, 288,
42 EAST GORGONUM CRATER NASA/JPL/MALIN SPACE SCIENCE SYSTEMS
43 PRIMARY CHANNELS DIGITATE APRON ANASTOMOSING GULLIES MALIN, M.C., AND K.S. EDGETT, 2000, SCIENCE, 288,
44 GULLIES AT 70 S. IN POLAR PIT WALL NASA/JPL/MALIN SPACE SCIENCE SYSTEMS VIKING CONTEXT
45 GULLIES IN CRATER IN NEWTON CRATER NASA/JPL/MALIN SPACE SCIENCE SYSTEMS
46 YOUNG RELATIVE AGE FOR EROSION MALIN, M.C., AND K.S. EDGETT, 2000, SCIENCE, 288, APRON COVERING DUNES APRON COVERING POLYGONS FRESH, DUST FREE SURFACES
47 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF OBSERVED GULLY LANDFORMS MALIN, M.C., AND K.S. EDGETT, 2000, SCIENCE, 288, SOUTH POLE NOTE: SLOPES FACE POLE-WARD 2.5 X MORE OFTEN THAN OTHERWISE
48 A B C D SNOW PACK ON MARS ARROWS POINT TO AREAS INTERPRETED TO BE REMNANT SNOW PACK. MELT WATER FROM THESE POLE FACING SNOW COVERED AREAS APPARENTLY CAUSE GULLY FORMATION. A. - MGS IMAGE; B-D - TES IMAGES
49 NORTH POLAR CAP LAYERS
50 100 KM BETWEEN LEFT AND RIGHT IMAGES
51 SOUTH POLAR CAP LAYERING AND EROSION 1 KM NASA/JPL/MALIN SCIENCE SYSTEMS
52 VIKING 1 LANDER VIEWS, CHRYSE, 7500 KM SW OF VIKING 2 SITE NASA/JPL (IN OUTFLOW REGION, ~1200 KM FROM PATHFINDER SITE)
53 FROST ON DUNES VIKING 2 LANDER VIEWS UTOPIA, NORTHERN LOWLANDS 7500 KM NE OF VIKING 1 SITE NASA/JPL
54 PATHFINDER PANORAMA NASA/JPL
55 PATHFINDER/SOUJOURNER
56 SPRITE S RIPPLES
57 TRUE COLOR OF MARS PATHFINDER LANDER VIEW NASA/JPL
58 TRUE COLOR OF MARS SPIRIT AND OPPORTUNITY VIEW NASA/JPL
59 TERM PAPER TOPICS COMPARISON OF EVIDENCE FOR OLD AND YOUNG MARTIAN OCEANS SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIATIONS IN MARS OBLIQUITY
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