Rice Science to Ensure Global Nutrition and Food Security
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1 Participate during the seminar: #AgEvents Agrilinks Title slide Rice Science to Ensure Global Nutrition and Food Security Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/agrilinks Like us on Facebook facebook.com/agrilinks Speaker Robert Zeigler, Director of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) September 24, 2014
2 Upcoming Events Upcoming Agrilinks Events: Seminar October 9 th Emergency Seed Systems Ag Sector Council October 22 nd From Smallholders to Shareholders: A Guide to Optimizing Private Sector Partnerships for Smallholder Impact
3 Saharah Moon Chapotin Saharah Moon Chapotin USAID Bureau for Food Security Saharah Moon Chapotin is Division Chief for Agricultural Research at USAID. She joined USAID in 2006 as a Biotechnology Advisor, managing international partnerships to promote the adoption of conservation agriculture practices in South Asia, and develop bioengineered crops for small-holder farmers. Prior to working at USAID, Chapotin worked at the Biosafety Institute for Genetically Modified Agricultural Products at Iowa State University. Chapotin holds a B.S. in Biology from Stanford University, a Ph.D. in Plant Physiology from Harvard University, and has completed the AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellowship Program.
4 Bio: Robert Zeigler Robert Zeigler International Rice Research Institute Robert Bob Zeigler is an internationally respected plant pathologist with more than 30 years of experience in agricultural research in the developing world. He became Director General of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in IRRI headquarters, with more than 1,000 scientists and support staff, is in the Philippines, with offices in 15 countries and activities in more than 25 others. IRRI focuses on sustaining, understanding, and using the genetic diversity of rice to improve rice productivity and the livelihood of rice farmers and consumers.
5 Title slide "Rice Science: A Powerful Weapon in the War Against Hunger and Poverty" R. S. Zeigler Director General International Rice Research Institute
6 INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH IRRI Overview Mission: INSTITUTE Los Baños, Philippines Reduce poverty and hunger, Improve the health of rice farmers and consumers, Ensure environmental sustainability Through research, partnerships Home of the Green Revolution Established 1960 A case study in applying research to development
7 Cooperating organizations map Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP) IFPRI Wash, DC USA ICARDA Aleppo Syrian Arab Rep. ICRISAT Patancheru India IRRI Los Baños Philippines CIMMYT Mexico City Mexico CIP Lima Peru Bioversity International Rome Italy CIAT Cali Colombia ILRI Nairobi Kenya IITA Ibadan Nigeria IWMI Colombo Sri Lanka Africa Rice Center-WARDA Cotonou Benin CIFOR Bogor Indonesia World Agroforestry Nairobi Kenya WorldFish Penang Malaysia
8 What is rice? What is rice? Perhaps the oldest domesticated crop Tremendously diverse More than just food Though it is the primary staple for billions (~ 50% of world & ~ 75% of poor) Flourishes in an exceedingly wet monsoon environment Impossible for other staples
9 Rice is typically grown by small family farm enterprises (<2 ha) saved seed About rice Animal draft power Reliance on human labor For how long?
10 The Rice Theory The Rice Theory proposes that a history of farming rice makes cultures more interdependent, whereas farming wheat makes cultures more independent, and these agricultural legacies continue to affect people in the modern world Dr. Thomas Talhelm, University of Virginia you do not need to farm rice yourself to inherit the culture. you do not need to farm rice yourself to inherit the culture.
11 The Green Revolution in Asia The Green Revolution in Asia 1960s yields ~1.5 t per ha widespread famines predicted Today yields ~4 t per ha economic growth IR8 (semi-dwarf) launched the Green Revolution and saved millions from starvation Science doing what people said could never be done Image source: Nature 418, (8 August, 2002)
12 Annual Rate chart World rice yield (t/ha) Annual rate of yield increase: 52.4 kg grain/ha (R 2 =0.982) Semi-dwarf, short duration MV Yield potential Dwarfism Short duration Grain dormancy IR8 Irrigation 2-3 crops/year N fertilizer Pesticides Resistance to insects & diseases Adverse soil tolerance Mechanized tillage Direct seeding Herbicides IPM More N & P fertilizer Decline in manure and green manure Mechanized harvest Grain quality, Hybrid rice Floodprone rice Rainfed rice Abiotic stresses Wide hybridization New Plant Type Isogenic lines/mas Gene pyramiding IR26 IR36 IR64 IR72 PSBRc18 Diversification Reduced tillage Water-saving irrigation SSNM Post-harvest losses Community IPM Ecosystem services CC adaptation/mitigation Hybrids Yield potential (?) Precision breeding: - abiotic stresses - biotic stresses - adaptation to RCT - biofortification - grain quality NSIC Rc
13 If we want to do something about poverty, it is clear that we must invest in rice Poverty map Milled rice consumption (FAO, 2011) Annual consumption per capita (kg) < >75 Poverty headcount (World Bank) Each dot represents 250,000 people living on $1.25 (PPP) a day or less 1.3 billion people in 2012 Food supply quantity for milled rice from FAOSTAT. Poverty headcount from the most recent survey year in the 2012 World Bank Indicators Database. Poverty distribution based on population density. Boundaries, colours, denominations and other information shown on this map do not imply any judgment on the part of IRRI concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
14 The face of poverty The face of poverty The consequences of poverty Hunger and malnutrition
15 China photo Yu Shangping with his nephew Li Ande and sister Yu Shangzhen in Chala, Yunnan Prov. China International Herald Tribune, May 6, 2013, p.1
16 Global per capita rice consumption has remained stable for last ~ 25 yrs Rice consumption chart year
17 Global rice production increases needed to meet demand by 2035 Rice production chart Million tons milled rice Additional rice needed: 114 million tons by global rice production Asia Africa Americas Rest of world
18 To Make Matters Worse: Climate Change Effects Climate change on Rice Production Hit Asia Hard
19 Where will world s rice come from? Where Will the World s Rice Come From? Ideally from increasing productivity on existing rice lands, mostly in Asia, (in 20+ years increasingly from Africa) BUT, in Asia: Land is moving out of rice Labor is moving out of rice Water is moving out of rice Major changes in production practices and increases in efficiency Just to stay where we are If Asia does not produce sufficient rice, the world will be food insecure
20 Second Green Revolution To Meet Tomorrow's Food Needs and Address Challenges of Nutrition and Poverty Under a Changing Climate A Second Science based Green Revolution is Needed
21 Science-based? Science based? Tap the revolutions in genetics, molecular biology and plant physiology Link soils biology and chemistry to better understand and manipulate sustainable nutrient supply Exploit the explosion of computation capacity and remote sensing to model systems and link process at scales from the cellular through ecosystems and regions Proactively link the political and social dimensions of agriculture to technology development
22 Cannot Overestimate Central Role of Genetic Resources for Coming Generations Genetic resources IRRI holds in trust the world s largest collection of rice varieties > 110,000 accessions Less than 5% has been used in breeding programs, but Completed full DNA sequencing of 3000 lines in 2014
23 Developing a Genetic Resources Platform Genetic Resources Platform Durable diseasepest resistance Abiotic stress tolerance Problem soils dissemination Future challenges Current problems Use Phenotypegenotype association Conserved Germplasm Breeding Lines Specialized Genetic Stocks conservation
24 Sequence and evaluate Sequence and Evaluate ~10,000 Rice Accessions Developing high-density genotyping Affy arrays with 1 M SNPs Includes newly discovered SNPs from >150 genomes and from other projects Initial genotype 3000 rice lines spanning range of diversity Indica (groups 1,2,3) Admixed 3000 diverse rice lines clustered by molecular markers Indica (group 4) Aromatic Aus Admixed Temperate Partners include Cornell, USDA, AfricaRice, CIRAD, Bayer CropSciences, Syngenta, CIAT,BGI CAAS, USAID Linkage Tropical (groups 1,2) Japonica Coordinated collaboration in bioinformatics & data management: adhere to highest standards of public access
25 Climate-ready rice Making rice climate-ready drought salinity submergence heat
26 River deltas map Mega-river deltas of Asia 50% of rice production growth in last 25 years came from delta countries
27 Breeding for submergence tolerance Breeding for submergence tolerance Large areas of rain-fed lowland rice have shortterm submergence (eastern India to SE Asia); > 10 m ha Even favorable areas have short-term flooding problems in some years Flood tolerance identified in a traditional Indian variety FR 13A in 1978 Poor field performance and grain quality
28 Submergence graphic New Sub1 lines after 17 days submergence in the field at IRRI IR64-Sub1 Samba-Sub1 IR49830 (Sub1) Samba IR64 Samba IR42 IR42 IR49830 (Sub1) IR64 IR49830 (Sub1) IR64 IR64-Sub1 Samba IR64-Sub1 Samba-Sub1 IR42 IR49830 (Sub1) IR64-Sub1 IR42 IR49830 (Sub1) Samba Samba-Sub1 IR64
29 Sub1 varieties photos July 31 Sub1 varieties: help poor farmers cope with frequent flooding Mr. Asha Ram Pal Village Palia Goa, District Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh Major support from Japan USAID, B&MGF, GOI enables us to reach >5M farmers by 2015 millions more over the next few years Oct. 31 Released in Bangladesh, India and Philippines 2009 Nepal in February 2011
30 Stress tolerant rice accelerate adoption by farmers through private sector engagement Stress tolerant rice 2013: Sub1 Varieties reached ~ 4 m farmers on ~1.7 m ha
31 India graphic Jharkhand, Eastern India, September 2013 This study indicates that scheduled castes are likely to be a major beneficiary from the spread of Swarna- Sub1 in India.
32 Drought risk map Variation in Rainfall = Risk of Drought
33 Drought tolerant varieties Drought tolerant varieties Drought tolerant varieties across S Asia Yield advantage of t/ha under moderate to severe drought, but with no penalty under non-stress conditions Sahbhagi dhan in India Tarharra 1 in Nepal Sahod Ulan 1 in Philippines
34 2 in 1: Drought + submergence tolerance Drought and submergence tolerance - QTL + QTL - QTL Three drought yield QTLs pyramided in Swarna sub1 BC 4 F 2 population with three QTLs under genotyping at IRRI Anjali, Savitri, TDK 1, Saro 5, Supa, NSICRc 222, MR219, MRQ74 improvement underway Swarna Swarna + DTY
35 Max temp tolerance Rice is growing near its max temperature tolerance (33C) Extremely difficult to change basic biology of temperature sensitivity Rice flowering is the only stage at which temperature is critical Rice normally flowers at mid day Maybe the best strategy is to just run away?
36 Conserving traditional heirloom rice Conserving traditional heirloom rice varieties for indigenous livelihoods
37 Wild Species of Oryza: The Resource to Oryza Meet Tomorrow s Challenges O. officinalis O. ridleyi O. alta O. minuta O. brachyanta O. rufipogon O. longistaminata Drought, salt, flood, heat Insect resistance Disease resistance Yield and nutrient use
38 Oryza graphic Transfer of natural salt tolerance from Oryza coarctata (KKLL genome), a wild species that grows well in brackish water IR56 (No Salt) IR56 (EC 24 ) O. coarctata (EC 24) F 1 IR56 x O. coarctata (EC 24) BC 1 IR56 x O. coarctata//ir56 (EC 24)
39 Natural traits Even in wild relatives, some traits are not found in rice
40 Clinical and Sub-clinical Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin A deficiency map Approx. 400M suffer VAD globally, ~33% SE Asia million children suffer from VAD Effects: Child mortality Measles suscept. Night blindness Corneal scarring Blindness Micronutrient Initiative 2004
41 Golden Combating rice vitamin A deficiency among the poor: Golden Rice 2000 GR GR Work on Golden Rice began in late 1980s to consumers in 201?
42 β-carotene in Golden Rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children Guangwen Tang, et al Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:1 7. Golden rice 2 Can Golden Rice Provide Sufficient Vitamin A? GreenPeace ridiculed prototype Golden Riceas having insufficient B carotene 1 Bowl of Golden Rice (50g uncooked, 150 g cooked) Provides 60% of Recommended Daily Dose for Chinese Children 6 years of age and younger
43 IRRI GRiSP breeding hubs for South East and South Asia and ES-Africa Breeding hubs graphic Pakistan Nepal Bangladesh Myanmar Uganda IRRI office Hyderabad India Hub S-A Hub ESA IRRI office Bujumpura Burundi Sri Lanka Kenya Tanzania Mozambique Indonesia Cambodia Vietnam Hub SE-A IRRI- HQ Philippines
44 What do Managing we efficiently do about managing our rice crop more efficiently? Examples of nutrient and water management
45 Rice and water Rice and Water 40% of fresh water used in Asia goes to rice production Puddling soil and transplanting seedlings controls weeds, improves nutrient supply & holds water later in season As labor and water use change, what does this mean for rice production?
46 Water scarcity Expected increasing water scarcity 2025: million ha irrigated rice will suffer some water scarcity Comprehensive Assessment Water Management in Agriculture 2007 Asia WS irrigated rice IRRI Data base (GIS laboratory)
47 Water saving Water saving options for rice Conventional Safe AWD Dry seeded Aerobic rice Land prep Puddled Puddled Not puddled Not puddled Establishment Water Transplant; wet seed Flooded; saturated Transplant; wet seed Saturated; mild drying Soil aeration Anaerobic Anaerobic; mild drying Dry seed Early: drained; then saturated Aerobic; then anaerobic Dry seed Drained Aerobic Conventional Safe AWD Aerobic rice Dry seeded
48 PAU TNAU Nutrient management 15 years of research provides the science for PDCSR GBPUAT precise field-specific nutrient management BRRI MAS SFRI HUAF HZAU HAU GAAS VAAS CLRRI CAU ASISOV CCAP YU WVSU ZU NAU PhilRice AFC Science is well documented ICATAD ICRR ICFORD ICALRD Partnerships of > 15 years (1996-present) Tools are available for farmers Farmers need quick and easy access to customized, science-based recommendations
49 Web Smartphone GSM mobile phone HTML 5 Farmer calls 2378 using Globe SIM Interactive Voice Response implementation box Web output Smartphone output SMS output Converted to HTML 5
50 Connecting farmers Connect farmers with relevant agricultural science and services: Suite of compelling services and financial products Input providers Service providers Insurance Microfinance Marketing Interactive Apps --- providing management guidelines Nutrient Manager Rice Manager Rice Doctor Variety and Seed Selector 1. Invest wisely at start of season - Nutrient Manager and Rice Crop Manager 2. Protect investment during season - Rice Crop Doctor Product development and testing Consolidation of knowledge Research Testing with farmers Validation
51 Particular attention to women Women stakeholders stakeholders Burundi: ex-combatant women trained in novel rice farming technologies In my family we were eating only once a day now we eat twice a day
52 For sound medium and long term planning, what do we need to know? Need to know? Location specific, timely and accurate information on rice production, supplies, and trends In particular: What is the harvested area? When will it be harvested? What is the yield? A combination of remote sensing and crop yield modeling can provide this information under certain conditions
53 Mapping rice Mapping rice from space Regular monitoring of rice growing areas using satellite imagery, modeling and regional ground-truthing to accurately estimate rice area, rice production and damage from calamities.
54 Technology How the technology works Optical data is based on sunlight Radar data is not based on sunlight and clouds are a problem can see through the clouds
55 Graphic PRISM Philippine Rice Information System
56 Vietnam maps Mekong Delta, Vietnam Over 85% accuracy in the rice area estimates at 3m resolution. SAR can also capture the variability in planting dates and cropping patterns.
57 Vietnam maps 2 Mekong Delta, Vietnam Yield and production estimates at the end of season, plans to generate yield forecastsat 30 and 60 days before harvest.
58 Typhoon Typhoon Haiyan November 2013
59 Weather map
60 National/Global Info gateways Rice Information Gateways Crop growth models Policy makers Medium-term projections Analysis of policy impacts Rice supplydemand-trade model Monitoring and shortterm forecasting Statistics, GIS Remote sensing
61 We are faced with We Are Faced With Surge of new technologies and potential technologies to benefit changing rice community The way rice will be grown and marketed to meet demand in a changing climate Surge in the demand for these technologies How best to reach diverse rice farmers Transformational interest of private sector in the rice sector Increased risks of catastrophic losses Need for pre-disaster mitigation tools
62 Chinese saying "Precious things are not pearls and jade but the five grains, of which rice is the finest - Ancient Chinese saying
63 THANK YOU Thank you
64 Come join us Help us fill the world s rice bowls Come join us!
65 Thank You Thank you for joining us! Share Feedback Stay In Touch Upcoming Events Take a moment to respond to our Polls. You can also visit the event page to post comments & questions. Contact Us: agrilinks@agrilinks.org OR Julie MacCartee, USAID/BFS jmaccartee@usaid.gov Webinar Emergency Seed Systems Oct 9 Ag Sector Council Smallholders to Shareholders July 28 Aug 1 Agrilinks and the AG Sector Council Seminar Series are products of the USAID Bureau for Food Security under the Feed the Future Knowledge-Driven Agricultural Development (KDAD) project.
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