A Study of Solar Installation in Singapore. Eddie Lee Renewpowers Technologies Pte Ltd

Transcription

1 A Study of Solar Installation in Singapore Eddie Lee Renewpowers Technologies Pte Ltd

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3 Agenda Solar Technologies Solar Off Grid System Solar Grid Tie System Solar Performance Smart Planning and Design Singapore Solar Incentives 3

4 Renewable Energy 4

5 Types of Renewable Energy SOLAR ENERGY (Photovoltaics / Thermal) WIND ENERGY HYDROGEN (FUEL CELLS) GEOTHERMAL ENERGY HYDROPOWER BIOENERGY or BIOMASS OCEAN ENERGY 5

6 Solar Thermal Solar Hot Water 6

7 Solar Thermal for ACMV Application 7

8 What are PV markets to be served? Off-Grid Industrial Consumer Off-Grid Residential On-Grid / Grid-Tied 8

9 SOLAR OFF GRID SYSTEM

10 Solar Off Grid System Standalone (Standalone) Solar Lighting System 10

11 Standalone Solar Lighting System 1. The light of sunshine generates electricity in the photovoltaic panels Solar Charge Controller DC Lamp Solar Panel 2. The Solar controller gently charges the battery and avoids overcharging to prolong battery life. 3. Solar controller knows when it is dusk and switches the light on & switches it off after a pre-determined number of hours or at dawn. Deep Cycle (GEL) Battery or AGM VRLA Battery 11

12 SOLAR VAN Battery Bank AC DB DC DB 12

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14 A basic standalone or off-grid system AC Load 14

15 A basic standalone or off-grid system DC + AC Load 15

16 Off-grid Battery Based Systems AC AC Gen Gen The Inverter is the heart of the system Main Main Panel Panel AC AC Loads Loads AC AC Loads Loads Non-Critical Loads AC AC Loads Loads AC AC Gen Gen RE Charge Control Battery Bank Bank Inverter Charger Sub Sub Panel Panel AC AC Loads Loads AC AC Loads Loads Critical Loads 16

17 On-grid Battery Based Systems Utility Utility Meter Meter The inverter manages power from many sources Main Main Panel Panel AC AC Loads Loads AC AC Loads Loads Non-Critical Loads AC AC Loads Loads AC AC Gen Gen RE Charge Control Battery Bank Bank Inverter Charger Sub Sub Panel Panel AC AC Loads Loads AC AC Loads Loads Critical Loads 17

18 Off Grid System (battery base) AC1 GRID AC2 GEN NEU 1 NEU 2 NEU OUT INV OUT AC1 GRID AC1 GRID AC2 GEN AC2 GEN NEU 1 NEU NEU 2 NEU NEU OUT NEU OUT INV OUT INV OUT 18

19 Off Grid System (battery base) 19

20 Solar/Wind/Hydro Hybrid System 20

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22 SOLAR GRID TIE SYSTEM

23 PV Grid Tie System 23

24 What is Grid Tie System? Solar panels produce DC electricity and run through Grid Tie Inverter which converts AC single-phase or three-phase electricity at a voltage & frequency suitable to be fed onto the GRID. This energy is then run into your AC power panel, which feeds energy back to Main Utility Panel to power load. If solar power array produced enough electricity, utility meter would begin to run backward! Solar AC Power DC Power AC Power Utility AC Power Utility AC Power 24

25 How is Grid Tie System work? Surplus power routed to Utility Grid Backward (Anti-Clockwise) DC converted to AC Forward (Clockwise) 25

26 PV Array Composition 26

27 Grid Tie System Single-Phase Design with Single PV string Series 27

28 Grid Tie System Two Single-Phase Design with Individual PV strings 28

29 Grid Tie System 3 x Single-Phase Inverters with Individual PV string Connection For 3-Phase System 29

30 Solar Performance

31 Marina Barrage Solar Park operating since

32 Factors Affecting Solar Energy Production Module Selection Sun Radiation Array Orientation Shading Tilt Angle Effect of Temperature on solar output 25ºC, voltage 25ºC, voltage 1000W/m 2 Air Mass of 1.5 Mismatch Losses Cable Losses DC to AC conversion Loss (Inverter Efficiency) Dirt & Dust Module Degrading 32

33 PV System Performance Ratio 33

34 Type Of PV Module Mono Poly Crystalline THIN FILM 34

35 The four main technology routes 35 35

36 Efficiency Comparison 1,000 W Thin-Film Array : Approx. 13.4m 2 1,000 W Crystalline Array : Approx. 6.7m 2 36

37 Type of Solar Cell Solar Area for 1 kwp Mono crystalline Poly crystalline Copper-Indium Selenium (CIS) Cadmium telluride (CdTe) Amorphous Silicon (A-Si) 37

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43 Selection of PV Module Certified under IEC or IEC Test under STC (Standard Test Condition) 25ºC 1000W/m 2 Air Mass of 1.5 Production Tolerance (+/-3%; 0, +5Wp) 2 to 5 years Product Warranty 20 to 25 years Performance Warranty Fully Automation Tie 1 and 2 Manufacturing Status Mono Poly Thin Film String Ribbon 43

44 PV Module Warranty PV modules from reputable manufacturers carry production warranties between 10 and 25 years, with the majority coming in at 20 to 25 years. To find out what that actually means, you must review the fine print. Product Warranty provides an immediate remedy for material defects and workmanship for 1 to 5 years (depending on manufacturers) from date of purchase. Performance / Power Warranty provides an additional warranty period with respect to power output for 20 to 25 years. Most limit this guarantee by warranting module production to be within 90% of the minimum rated power output for the first 10 years and 80% for the remaining 25 years. So the warranties cover immediate failure and then off-spec production within their specified percentages of rated power and terms. Warranties do not cover damage from shipment or improper installation. They do not cover failures caused by owners, installers, natural forces, or other unforeseen circumstances beyond the manufacturers control. All warranties contain exclusions. These vary and can have great effects on the warranty s value. One example found in most warranties is for installations in mobile, marine, or other abnormal environmental conditions (such as acid rain, other pollution, or salt damage 44

45 Mounting PV Modules Installation 45

46 What is Peak Sun Hour Solar Irradiance is the amount of sunlight which reaches the Earth. Express in W/m 2. Sun Hours are not the same as hours of sunlight. Sunrise to sunset represents hours of sunlight. Peak sun-hours describe how much solar energy is available during a day. Peak Sun Hours are number of hours per day when solar irradiance = 1000W/m 2 The term for solar radiation striking a surface at a particular time & place is express as W/m 2 Example:- 4 peak sun hours = 4 kwh/m 2 Where energy received during total daylight hours equals energy received if sun shines for 4 hours at 1000W/m 2 46

47 Average sun-hours per day in the world (during the shortest days of the year) 47

48 Typical Meteorological Year Singapore Paya Lebar Station 1638 / 365 days = 4.49kWh/m 2 ~ 4.5 Sun Hour 48

49 I-V Curve via W/m 2 49

50 I-V Curve via Temperature 50

51 PV Mounting Structure Module Temperature Roof mount with < 15cm module temperature = ambient temp + 35ºC Rack mount with >15cm module temperature = ambient temp + 30ºC Pole mount Module temperature = ambient temp + 25ºC 51

52 PV Mounting Structure vs Module Temperature 52

53 PV Mounting Structure Durability Anodized Aluminum - Both PV module frame & Mounting Structure Using Stainless Steel Screws & Nuts Prevent ELECTROLYSIS CORROSION 53

54 Light Weight Modular Design Quick Mounting PV Mounting Structure Durability 54

55 ELEC T RO LY SI S C O RRO SI O N ELECTROLYSIS CORROSION ELECTROLYSIS CORROSION ELECTROLYSIS CORROSION 55

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60 SMART PLANNING and Design Proper Array Orientation & Tilt Angle Orientation For best year-round performance in most locations, fixed PV arrays should be oriented to true south as opposed to magnetic south which means taking into consideration the site s magnetic declination. Tilt Angle For optimal production, arrays generally should be tilted at an angle equal to site s latitude.

61 SUN PATH THROUGHOUT THE YEAR NORTHERN LATITUDES 61

62 Shading Impact on PV Module Module Mismatch 62

63 Solar Site Survey Sun Path & Shading Analysis 63

64 Solar Site Survey Sun Path & Shading Analysis The necessary calculations for extrapolating ground level measurements to the roof, simplified for a single plane. 64

65 Effect of Tilt Angle 65

66 Orientation & Tilt Angle 66

67 Shading Problems Shading from Location Temporary Shadow Building Structure Shading 67

68 Solar Site Survey Sun Path & Shading Analysis Full Fisheye View Annual Sun path View 68

69 Solar Site Survey Sun Path & Shading Analysis Location: Marina Barrage PV Array 1 Panel Orientation: Tilt=10 -- Azimuth=90 GPS Location: Latitude= N -- Longitude= E Solar Access: Annual: 98% -- Summer (May-Oct): 98% -- Winter (Nov-Apr): 98% Obstruction Elevation Chart (Elevation vs Azimuth) 69

70 Solar Site Survey Sun Path & Shading Analysis Location: Marina Barrage PV Array 9 Panel Orientation: Tilt=10 -- Azimuth=90 GPS Location: Latitude= N -- Longitude= E Solar Access: Annual: 100% -- Summer (May-Oct): 100% -- Winter (Nov-Apr): 100% Obstruction Elevation Chart (Elevation vs Azimuth) 70

71 PV Orientation Good Orientation X Bad Orientation 71

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73 2. Solar Site Survey Solar Access / Sun Path / Shading 73

74 Mounting PV Modules Mismatch Losses The maximum power output of the total PV array is always less than the sum of the maximum output of the individual modules. This difference is a result of slight inconsistencies in performance from one module to the next and is called module mismatch at least 2% loss in system power 74

75 Mounting PV Modules PV Module Mismatch 75

76 Reduce PV String Mismatch Losses Select best match module power for same PVstring. 76

77 Mounting PV Modules Installation 77

78 3. PV Mounting Structure Installation Phase 78

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81 Balance of System Marina Barrage Solar Park 81

82 Balance of System Balance of System components consist of all components of a renewable energy system except for the solar modules and mounting system. These components include inverters, fuse/breakers, over-current protection, enclosures, batteries, cables, etc. 82

83 String & Central Inverter --- Indoor & Outdoor Application Indoor type String Inverters Outdoor type Micro Inverters Central Inverters Indoor type 100kW in IP21 500kW in IP kW in IP21

84 Balance of System Xantrex 5.0SP GT Inverter Specification: AC Voltage: 230 VAC nominal AC frequency: 50 Hz AC Power : 5.0kW Efficiency: 96% peak and average DC Voltage: 240 to 600 VDC MPPT Range: 240 to 550 VDC Night time consumption: <1W Thermal Performance: Convection cooled Communication ports are standard 5 years Performance Warranty 84

85 Temperature vs Performance 85

86 Solar Cabling Selection 86

87 Solar Cable Solar Cable Double-Insulated Heat Resistance (-15ºC to 90ºC) UV & Water-Resistant Rated for higher voltage (1000V) Flame resistance The system's careful design should consider proper wire sizing allowing for efficient operation. The most important parameter is the wire section. Inappropriate wire sizing could result in excessive heating and even fire due to large current. Properly connected and sized wiring won't require any maintenance for years. A simple rule to follow in small systems is 1 mm 2 wire area per 1A current. Its application will prevent wire overheating and curb loss within required limits. 87

88 Solar Connector 88

89 Solar Cabling Connectionn 89

90 Series and Parallel Connection 90

91 Solar Cable Cable Tray Cable Tie (UV Resistance) 6mm 2 DC Solar cable 4mm 2 AC Solar cable 4mm 2 Solar cable 91

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93 DC Disconnect Box Disconnect DC power for maintenance and safety purposes Protect Cable from over heating and prevent fire Prevent damages from lightning 93

94 300Vdc / 5A Cabling Problem 94

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97 Lightning protection for PV systems 97

98 Threat of lightning strokes approx. 1,900,000 lightning strokes in Germany per year* ABC Company MCR 110 kv 2 km km km Data 400/230 V TV Telephone Mobile telephone system *Source: BLIDS, Siemens AG, Evaluation / S1320_e 98

99 Damaged PV modules due to lightning strike Source: Solarzentrum Oberland GmbH / S3521_e_b 99

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101 Design of protection PV installation at a flat roof L1 L2 L3 PEN PV modules Air-termination system SDB1 SDB2 MDB AC DC Inverter EB 101

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103 Design of the air-termination system Separation distance s Radius of the rolling sphere depending on the class of LPS Protective angle Air-termination rod α Shadow line

104 Lightning Stike protection Rolling sphere radius r 104 Source: Blitzschutzbau Rhein-Main Adam Herbert GmbH, Aachen

105 Lightning Protection Design for Marina Barrage 105

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107 8m Air Terminal 4m Air Terminal 107

108 Singapore Solar Incentives

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112 QUESTION??? 112

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