Name: Date: Class: College English 10 - Exam Review

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1 College English 10 - Exam Review PREPOSITIONS A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. A preposition usually indicates the time, location, or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples: The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class. In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time. A prepositional phrase is made up of the preposition, its object and any associated adjectives or adverbs. A prepositional phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. The most common prepositions are "about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without." Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a preposition: The children climbed the mountain without fear. In this sentence, the preposition "without" introduces the noun "fear." The prepositional phrase "without fear" functions as an adverb describing how the children climbed. There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated. Here, the preposition "throughout" introduces the noun phrase "the land." The prepositional phrase acts as an adverb describing the location of the rejoicing. The spider crawled slowly along the banister. The preposition "along" introduces the noun phrase "the banister" and the prepositional phrase "along the banister" acts as an adverb, describing where the spider crawled. The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new pair of shoes. Here the preposition "under" introduces the prepositional phrase "under the porch," which acts as an adverb modifying the compound verb "is hiding." The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he was certain was somewhere in his office. Similarly in this sentence, the preposition "in" introduces a prepositional phrase "in his office," which acts as an adverb describing the location of the missing papers.

2 PREPOSITIONS PRACTICE Underline the subject, put a wavy line underneath the verb that corresponds to the subject, circle any prepositions, and put a box around the entire prepositional phrases in the following sentences. 1. The puppies wandered around the fenced yard until their owner arrived. 2. Without a care in the world, Alex is relaxing, waiting for the game to begin. 3. Dean thinks that he is smarter than everyone in the class. 4. Will you put these cookies on the tray? 5. His doctor read through his chart and looked down his throat. 6. His idea will not work after sunrise. 7. She peered slowly around the doorway before crossing the threshold. 8. The champion will compete against other dogs from the club. 9. The increase in thefts this year should concern each of us. 10. At a minimum, you will spend three hours on each assignment. 11. During the debates, Alfred was feeding his turtle in the yard. 12. Many cannot decide whom to support for president. 13. Wesley hopes to be named one of the best skaters on the tour. 14. Because of the decision presented by the jury, we will all be going to jail. 15. Put the dog inside the house and let's leave. 16. Before the concert, Reggie will be drinking coffee at the cafe. 17. If we go below the house and hide behind the furnace, maybe we will be unharmed. 18. Last week, Leslie climbed into a volcano; this week she is sleeping inside a cave. 19. Since Tuesday, New Yorkers have been cheering for their teams to win. 20. Harold rested upon the mountain top and considered a life without hassles.

3 Preposition Practice Exercise Answers and Explanations 1. The puppies wandered around the fenced yard until their owner arrived. AROUND is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes YARD. UNTIL is NOT a preposition; it is a SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION. 2. Without a care in the world, Alex is relaxing, waiting for the game to begin. WITHOUT is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes CARE. IN is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes WORLD. FOR is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes GAME. 3. Dean thinks that he is smarter than everyone in the class. IN a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes CLASS. 4. Will you put these cookies on the tray? ON is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes TRAY. 5. His doctor read through his chart and looked down his throat. THROUGH is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes CHART. DOWN is a preposition modifying THROAT. 6. His idea will not work after sunrise. AFTER is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes SUNRISE. 7. She peered slowly around the doorway before crossing the threshold. AROUND a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes DOORWAY. BEFORE is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes CROSSING. 8. The champion will compete against other dogs from the club. AGAINST is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes DOGS. FROM is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes CLUB. 9. The increase in thefts this year should concern each of us. IN is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes THEFT. OF is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes US. 10. At a minimum, you will spend three hours on each assignment. AT is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes MINIMUM. ON is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes ASSIGNMENT. 11. During the debates, Alfred was feeding his turtle in the yard. DURING is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes DEBATES. IN is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes YARD.

4 12. Many cannot decide whom to support for president. FOR is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes PRESIDENT. 13. Wesley hopes to be named one of the best skaters on the tour. OF is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes SKATERS. ON is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes TOUR. 14. Because of the decision presented by the jury, we will all be going to jail. BECAUSE OF is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes DECISION. BY is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes JURY. TO is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes JAIL. 15. Put the dog inside the house and let's leave. INSIDE is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes HOUSE. 16. Before the concert, Reggie will be drinking coffee at the cafe. BEFORE is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes CONCERT. AT is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes CAFE. 17. If we go below the house and hide behind the furnace, maybe we will be unharmed. BELOW is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes HOUSE. BEHIND is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes FURNACE. 18. Last week, Leslie climbed into a volcano; this week she is sleeping inside a cave. INTO is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes VOLCANO. INSIDE is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes CAVE. 19. Since Tuesday, New Yorkers have been cheering for their teams to win. SINCE is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes TUESDAY. FOR is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes TEAMS. 20. Harold rested upon the mountain top and considered a life without hassles. UPON is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes TOP. WITHOUT is a preposition whose prepositional phrase includes HASSLES.

5 College English 10 - Exam Review Subject / Verb Agreement Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural. In the present tense, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways: nouns ADD an s to the singular form; verbs REMOVE the s from the singular form. Look at the following examples: "The ranger and the camper see the bear" is a sentence with a COMPOUND SUBJECT. Compound subjects go with PLURAL FORM VERBS! "The ranger or the camper see the bear" has a subject that has a choice - either way, we are only speaking about one of them, so we use a SINGULAR VERB! If the sentence contains a prepositional phrase, the SUBJECT WILL NEVER BE PART OF IT. Do not match the verb to any words in the prepositional phrase.

6 SUBJECT / VERB AGREEMENT PRACTICE Explain why the highlighted verb is incorrect in the following sentences. Then, give the correct form of the verb, and explain why it is correct. Keep the sentences in the present tense. 1. The Yellowstone authorities should has kept thorough records on each bear. 2. The great national parks holds about 200 grizzlies, with possibly 30 of them being breeding females. 3. Both Democrats and Republicans is electing a new leader. 4. The surfer or the little boy are responsible for the littered beach. 5. This group of Kwakiutl Indians live on the Canadian Coast.

7 Subject / Verb Agreement Exercise Answers and Explanations 1. The Yellowstone authorities should has kept thorough records on each bear. The verb should be have. Since "authorities" (the subject) is plural, the verb has to match by also be plural. 2. The great national parks holds about 200 grizzlies, with possibly 30 of them being breeding females. The verb should be hold. Since "parks" (the subject) is plural, the verb has to match by also being plural. 3. Both Democrats and Republicans is electing a new leader. The verb should be are. Since "Democrats" and "Republicans" together form a compound subject, the verb has to be plural to match. 4. The surfer or the little boy are responsible for the littered beach. The verb should be is. Since a choice of subjects is implied because of the word "or", the verb refers to either the surfer or the boy, not both. The verb has to be singular to reflect this. 5. This group of Kwakiutl Indians live on the Canadian Coast. The verb should be lives. Since the subject is "group", and "group" is a singular word, the verb has to match by also being plural. The subject would not be "Kwakiutl Indians" because it follows the preposition "of". Any part of a prepositional phrase cannot be a subject in a sentence, and thus will not have verbs that match with it.

8 College English 10 - Exam Review CHARACTERIZATION TERMS Direct characterization - author reveals character traits through narration, "tells" Indirect characterization - character is developed through actions and reactions, "shows" Are the following an examples of direct or indirect characterization? Circle D for direct, I for indirect. (D / I) 1. Curly was quick and mean. (D / I) 2. Sally trembled under the shadow of the huge, muscle-bound gym rat. (D / I) 3. Pauly's hair was so over-gelled that it crunched every time he touched it. (D / I) 4. Johanna was extremely vain; she was better looking than her friends, and she knew it. Round character - a major character with fully developed and dynamic traits Flat character - a character not fully developed who seems to represent a type more than a real personality Are the following characters examples of round or flat characters? Circle R for round, F for flat. (R / F) 1. Mama from "Everyday Use." (R / F) 2. Kiyoshi Tanimoto, the minister from Hiroshima who brought Japanese girls to the US for surgery (R / F) 3. Harry Potter (R / F) 4. Spongebob Squarepants Static character - a character that remains unchanged throughout a work Dynamic character - a major character in a work of fiction who encounters conflict and is changed by it