GHG EMISSION ASSESSMENT AND GHG EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT FOR POWER SECTOR. 26 January 2015

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1 GHG EMISSION ASSESSMENT AND GHG EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT FOR POWER SECTOR BENGKEL SESSION WITH THE POWER SECTOR IN MALAYSIA - CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE POWER SECTOR: MANAGEMENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 26 January 2015

2 Outline of Presentation GHG Emissions Assessment Fact findings, Information Gathering Methodology & Assessment Questionnaire and Discussion 2

3 Aim Development of Emission Factor for Power Plant Reducing uncertainties Proposal to KETTHA Emission factor based on technology of power plants GHG emissions assessment Participating power plants GHG Emissions Measurement Ensure sustainability of GHG Inventory Monitoring of emissions level in Malaysia 3

4 Part 1 : Fact Findings/Info. Gathering (Obj.: To understand and obtain feedback on the GHG Emissions Monitoring in Malaysia) Review of relevant work and experience in Malaysia International lessons and best practices Potential challenges and barriers Recommendation for addressing challenges and barriers Refer to questionnaire 4

5 Review of Relevant Work in Malaysia Reporting to UNFCCC INC SNC BUR and TNC Reporting of GHG Emissions (GHG Inventory) Top Down Approach Total fuel consumption by sector e.g. Energy (Power, Transport, Agriculture, Residential & Commercial, and Others) Methodology: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines 5

6 Review of Relevant Work in Malaysia Reporting to CDM Baseline Study Updating of GHG Emission Electricity baseline - per unit of power output Based on fuel type Based on default emission factor by IPCC MYCARBON programme Corporate reporting Organisation Universities UTM conduct GHG emission factor study for oil palm mills 6

7 International lessons and best practices EU: Combustion in Energy & Transformation Industries Combustion Plants as Point Sources, Emission Inventory Guidebook, 1996 USA: Estimating carbon dioxide emissions factors for the California electric power sector, Marnay C. et. al, 2002 Korea: Study A (A study on carbon dioxide emissions from bituminous coal in Korea, Lee J. et.al, 2013), Study B (Greenhouse gas emission factor development for coal-fired power plants in Korea, Jeon EC. et.al, 2010) South Africa: Determination of regional emission factors for the power sector in Southern Africa, Zhou P. et. al, 2009 ASEAN and Malaysia s status: USAID Low Emissions Asian Development (LEAD) Program Current Challenges and Priorities for Greenhouse Gas Emission Factor Improvement in Select Asian Countries,

8 International lessons and best practices EU USA Year Overview of the study Covered emissions of SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, NMVOC, CH4, N2O, NH3 and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, and V) from boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines as point source. The contributions of point source emissions released by combustion plants to the total emissions in countries of the Core Inventory Air Emission (CORINAIR90) are based on the combustion in energy and transformation industries. Calculating average emission factor (AEF) and marginal emission factor (MEF) relating to electricity for both historic and current. The objective was to explore different approaches in estimating emission factors for electricity users in California to be responsible to the net mass of carbon emission over the period covered by the bill. EIA the Energy Information Administration (EIA) has developed factors for estimating the amount of carbon dioxide emitted as a result of U.S. coal consumption. Emission Factor for Stationary and Mobile Combustion Source: Emissions Factors & AP 42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors 8

9 Australia The National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors has been prepared by the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency and is designed for use by companies and individuals to estimate greenhouse gas emissions. The Technical Guidelines are available at national-greenhouseenergy reporting/publications/technical-guidelines.aspx and have been designed to support reporting under the NGER Act The default emission factors listed have been estimated by the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency using the Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System (AGEIS) and are determined simultaneously with the production of Australia s National Greenhouse Accounts. This ensures that consistency is maintained between inventories at company or facility level and the emission estimates presented in the National Greenhouse Accounts. The emission factors are referred to in this document as National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) default emission factors. 9

10 International lessons and best practices Korea South Africa Year Study A: Overview of study Study B: 2010 Development of emission factor was done based on fuel analysis on bituminous coal consumed in Korea between 2007 and The analysis involved the exhaust gas released from power plants that use bituminous coal in real time, to measure the concentration of CO2 and calculate its emission factor. This study estimated CO2 emission factors from coal-fired power plants in Korea and compared recorded values with IPCC. The study involves with bituminous coal, anthracite and subbituminous coal as fuel. Estimation of CO2 emission factor was measured through the concentration of CO2 gas from stacks and analyzing the coal. To determine EF for CO2 and NOx and was then compared to IPCC default values. It emphasis on CO2. Emission of NOx from coal and diesel power plants combustion. CH4 emission factor from coal mining Involvement of 38 power plants across South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Zambia 10

11 Malaysia Year 2013 Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam) Overview of study Main objective is to assist Asian countries to develop and implement framework for sustained lowemission development, six sectors that are recommended for greenhouse gas emission factor improvement in Asian countries are as follows: 1.Methane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation 2.Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from land-use/change, forestry 3.CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation 4.CO2 emissions from mobile combustion 5.CO2 emission from coal and natural stationary combustion 6.Nitrous oxide (NO2) emissions from agricultural soil management Outcome Malaysia needs to be looking into only two categories which are CO2 emissions from coal combustion and natural gas combustion. Other country that has similarities with Malaysia is Bangladesh, Thailand and Vietnam. No specific plans in developing country specific emission factors for Malaysia from the Malaysia Global Training Centre (MGTC). From 15 listed categories, India has the highest score in term of priority needs for country specific EF as India is entitled to 11 categories, Thailand with 10 and Indonesia with 8. Other countries scored less than 6. Categories listed are mainly from GHG emissions from rice cultivation, manure management, mobile combustion, enteric fermentation, coal combustion, LULUCF, natural gas combustion, iron & steel production, emission from peat lands and changes in soil carbon stock 11

12 GHG Calculation Guidelines 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 12

13 GHG Emissions Sources Stationary Combustion for Power Generation Mobile Combustion Fugitive Emissions 2014 TNBR. All rights reserved 13 13

14 Steps in Identifying & Calculating GHG emissions Identifying sources Select calculation approach Collect data and choose emission factors Apply calculation tools Roll-up data to company level 14

15 Select a Calculation Approach Companies should use the most accurate calculation approach available to them and is appropriate for their reporting context. Direct measurement Mass Balance CEMS - Monitor concentration, flow rate Emissions are calculated based on mass balance or stoichiometric basis specific to a faculty or process. Generic Emission Factor The most common approach. Emissions are calculated by applying documented emission factors. Site Specific Emission Factor Emission factors are derived from carbon content of the fuel. Refer to questionnaire 15

16 GHG Calculation Fuel Based Approach GHGs Activity Data Emission Factor Example of activity data: Fuel consumption Distance travelled kwh consumed Amount of leakage Emission factor: Site specific Country specific Published value Calculation based methods entail the collection of a) activity data, in the form of the quantity of fuel consumed for combustion purposes, and b) emission factor data, in the form of information on the characteristics of the fuel combusted and the efficiency of the oxidation process. Refer to questionnaire 16

17 Challenges and Barriers 1. Difficulties in predicting the synergistic effects from the performance and composition of the single coals in the blend. 2. Difficulties arise when comparing emissions or environmental performance level of a specific industrial installation to reference information in literature. 3. Analysis on relationship between coal type and emissions. 4. Problems in tracing data. 5. Does not have the intention to develop emission factor thus no strategic plan was prepared. 6. Data on where these fuels were coming from, and their specific characteristics (including heating values and carbon contents) based on their country or region of origin would be needed to further analyse. Refer to questionnaire 17

18 Recommendations 1. Coordination within the countries to develop program based and financial efforts could help to ensure that the development of emission factors project. 2. Inclusion of relevant institute. 3. Collecting appropriate activity data and analysis of the fuel should be further developed. Refer to questionnaire 18

19 Part 2: Methodology and Data (Obj.: To understand methodology on fuel analysis) Identify data requirement List of data collected Identification of methodology Time and resources need Process to develop emission factor Strength and gaps Refer to questionnaire 19

20 Part 2 Power plants current practice on monitoring of GHG or pollutants To understand the current situation because the project will involved with data analysis and collection of sample from the fuel measurement. Combustion process Fuel content Heating Value Calorific value quantity of heat release from combustion Flue gas analysis 20

21 Fundamental of Combustion 21

22 Identify Data Requirement Fuel Analysis Technical measurement to analyse the content of fuel used for your power plant combustion? Identification of method What are the methodology and analysis involved? Engagement of outside lab or third party to conduct the measurement List of data collected Time and Resources Need Refer to questionnaire 22

23 GHG Methodologies Tier 1: fuel combustion from national energy statistics and default emission factors; Tier 2: fuel combustion from national energy statistics, together with country-specific emission factors, where possible, derived from national fuel characteristics; Tier 3: fuel statistics and data on combustion technologies applied together with technology-specific emission factors; this includes the use of models and facility level emission data where available. 23

24 Methodologies Stationary combustion: Emission = EF abc * Act abc where EF = emission factor Act = activity (TJ) a = fuel b = sector activity c = technology type 24

25 Process to develop EF Emission factors (EF s) for combustion depends on: data on the amount of fuel combusted a country-specific emission factor for each gas combustion technology operating conditions control technology quality of maintenance age of the equipment used to burn the fuel. 25

26 Process to develop EF Analysis of Emission Factor Net calorific values (NCVs) are a measure of the quantity of heat liberated assuming that the water in the combustion exhaust gas remains as a vapor (i.e., the heat contained in the water vapor is not recovered). When calculating CO 2 emissions, it is critical that all fuel consumption data and factors are on the same heating value basis. The preferred approach for determining a fuel s heating value is to sample the fuel being combusted and complete a chemical analysis of it. Emission Factor (EF)= NCV (LHV) x Carbon Content x Oxidation Factor Other factor for EF assessment combustion condition and etc. 26

27 Emission Factor IPCC 2006 Default Emission Factors for Stationary Combustion in the Energy Industries 27

28 Method In Developing EF- Other Countries EU: general EF and specified EF USA : elfin model, accounting method from public data sources, simplified load duration curve (LDC) Korea Study A: fuel analysis and gas analysis Study B: fuel analysis and flue gas analysis South Africa fuel analysis and flue gas analysis 28

29 Method EU General emission factor is a mean value for defined categories of boilers taking into account abatement measures which is primary and secondary. It is only related to the type of fuel used and is applicable for all pollutants considered, except for SO2 and only be used where no specific data are available. Specific emission factor is defined as an individually determined value for boilers taking into account abatement measure (primary and secondary), related to individual fuel characteristic and to technology specific parameters. USA -Elfin model to simulate plant operations and estimate emissions for accounting method that draws primarily from public data sources (PDS). -used for the 1999 test year, is a spreadsheet that applies a simplified load duration curve (LDC). -An emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). EF value from the study No specific EF was measured/calculated. Only methods and equations were derived. CO2 emissions: Elfin MtC in 1990, PDS MtC, LDC MtC AEF (kgc/kwh): Elfin PDS LDC

30 US Emission Factor for Coal Emissions from coal combustion depend on the rank and composition of the fuel, the type and size of the boiler, firing conditions, load, type of control technologies, and the level of equipment maintenance. The general equation for emissions estimation is: E = A x EF x (1-ER/100) where: E = emissions; A = activity rate; EF = emission factor, and ER =overall emission reduction efficiency, % 30

31 Australia 31

32 Method EF value from the study Korea Based on American Society for Testing and Materials (2011) Standard Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis which involved manual sampling and machine sampling. The samples were then analysed using two methods: Coal Analysis Method and Gas Analysis Method. Coal Analysis method is mainly to calculate the calorific value of the coal samples by using Type-B calorimeter to calculate total calorific value of liquids and solids, consisting of a bomb that heats by burning samples. Gas Analysis method is to calculate the concentration of CO2 Non-dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR). 1. Fuel analysis 2. Flue gas analysis - Analysis of actual CO2 concentration of flue gas EF calculated is 93,315 kg/tj, EF measured from power plant is 97,634 kg/tj. Fuel analysis (Mg/kJ): (ant.), 88.7 (bit.), 98.0 (s) Flue gas (Mg/kJ): 89.7, 82.6, 88.9 South Africa Phase 1 inventory of thermal power plants characteristics: age, capacity, technology and operating conditions; followed by determination of EF based on IPCC methodology. Comparison of fuel based and electricity production. data on fuel consumption, carbon content and heat value of the fuels are required and also electricity generation to verify plant efficiency. Phase 2 & Phase 3: determination of CO2 and NOx for coal fired and diesel plants based on flue gas measurements. CO2 EF is 96.5kg/GJ NOx EF is 0.35 kg/gj 32

33 Proposed Dev. EF for power plant in Malaysia Site selection Coal PP - Natural Gas PP Mobilization and Data Sampling Primary and Secondary Data i. Process Analysis Technology Combustion process Control System Emission Factor - kg CO 2, CH 4,N 2 O/TJ i. Fuel Analysis Fuel data ii. Flue gas analysis Stack gas GHG (CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O) EF analysis 1.Technology of power plants Process of combustion, Engineering Operating condition, Firing practices and etc. 2.Fuel Analysis: Coal and Natural Gas CO2, CH4, N2O 3. Stack gas: Emissions Analysis 4. Control system Verification - Tolerance, Correlation Analysis and Comparison with USEPA, IPCC Coal: Stack gas and coal sampling method Stack Gas method: CEMS sampling probe, a cooling device, and a lung sampler. portable in-situ measurement Fuel analysis method: CO2 Analysis: (GC-FID) Coal Analysis Element Analysis carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), moisture (attached and inherent), ash, and other volatile components. Calorific Value Analysis: heat generation - analyzed using a calorimeter Natural Gas: Fuel (gas) Stack gas sampling method Exhaust gas (Stack Gas) method: Samples taken using Tedlar Bag. Measured exhaust gas temp., moisture amount, flow velocity, pressure and temperature. CH4 and N2O - FID and ECD 33

34 Strength and Gaps 1. Characteristics of coals for blending are examined for compatibility. 2. The best way to evaluate emissions and EFs could be to perform experiments. 3. Estimating GHG emissions at the point of generation is the most accurate approach. 4. The flue gas analysis showed a higher uncertainty than the fuel analysis method in emission factor development. This seems to be because CO2 concentration changes greatly on a case-by-case basis. Also, the flue gas analysis has more steps than the fuel analysis, thereby, errors accumulate. Therefore, when the oxidation rate is high, the fuel analysis is recommended. 5. To provide basic data for developing proper country-specific strategies for carbon emission reduction, it is necessary to have accurate estimates of emission amounts. 34

35 GHG Assessment - Carbon Footprint The GHG footprint, or greenhouse gas footprint or carbon footprint, refers to the amount of GHG that are emitted during the creation of products or services. It is more comprehensive, which measures not only carbon dioxide, but many greenhouse gases. 35

36 CF Accounting Approach Setting Organizational Boundary Setting Operational Boundary Identifying & Calculating GHG Emissions Managing GHG Inventory Quality Verifying GHG Emissions Reporting GHG Emissions 36

37 SOURCE AND SCOPE OF EMISSIONS Stationary Combustion Mobile Combustion Fugitive Emissions Direct Discharges Emission Factor

38 Way Forward Development of Power Sector EF Analysis on fuel combustion by the Malaysia ESI GHG Emissions Assessment which based on carbon footprint methodology to be conducted 38

39 Guideline Table showing the various tech and EF Type of fuel Technology Combustion type and etc. Natural gas tco2 Diesel Distillate Coal 39

40 THANK YOU Prepared by : [RADIN DIANA R. AHMAD] Office address: TNB Research Sdn. Bhd. No. 1, Lorong Air Hitam Kawasan Institusi Penyelidikan Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan MALAYSIA Tel: Ext 5185 / Fax: /9 diana@tnbr.com.my / Website: 40

41 Disclaimer. All information contained herein are solely for the purpose of this presentation only and cannot be used or referred to by any party for other purposes without prior written consent from TNB. Information contained herein is the property of TNB and it is protected and confidential information. TNB has exclusive copyright over the information and you are prohibited from disseminating, distributing, copying, reproducing, using and /or disclosing this information. 41

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