Unintentional POPs Emissions from Biomass and Fossil Fuel Combustion (Toolkit Category 3)

Transcription

1 Unintentional POPs Emissions from Biomass and Fossil Fuel Combustion (Toolkit Category 3) Research project on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency of Germany U. Karl, M. Haase 2 nd Expert Meeting to Further Develop the Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases Geneva, 5-7 December 2007 French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 1

2 Contents The role of PCDD/PCDF emissions from Category 3 sources Recommendations from the 1st Expert Meeting Results from a literature review Proposals for the Toolkit Outlook on possible extensions French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 2

3 The German PCDD/PCDF Inventory 2004 (Air) 7% 6% 44% 17% 26% Miscellaneous (including waste incineration) Heat and power generation Small scale combustion Open burning Metallurgical industry (thermal processes) Emissions from Small Scale Combustion Total: 127 ( ) g TEQ French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 3

4 The PCDD/PCDF Inventory of Kenya French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 4

5 Kenya Inventory: Releases from Category 3 Potential underestimation of releases from household heating and cooking French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 5

6 Toolkit Emission Factors for Category 3 Denotation of categories C a t Subcat. Class Air µg TEQ/TJ Residue µg TEQ/TJ 3 Heat and Power Generation a Fossil Fuel Power Plants Fossil fuel/waste co-fired power boilers Coal fired power boilers Heavy fuel fired power boilers Shale oil fired power plants Light fuel oil/natural gas fired power boilers ,5 1,5 0,5 ND 14 ND ND ND b Biomass Power Plants 1 2 Mixed biomass fired power boilers Clean wood fired power boilers ND 15 c Landfill and biogas combustion d 1 Biogas-/landfill gas fired boilers, motors/turbines and flaring Household heating and cooking with biomass 8 NA µg TEQ/t ash 1 2 Contaminated wood/biomass fired stoves Virgin wood/biomass fired stoves e Domestic Heating with fossil fuels µg TEQ/t ash High-chlorine coal fired stoves Coal fired stoves Oil fired stoves Natural gas fired stoves , NA NA French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 6

7 Questions for the Toolkit Review Influence of fuel type Coal (hard coal, lignite, ash content) Biomass (wood, one-year plants, leafy, ) Chlorine, catalytic metal, sulphur, humidity Physical parameters; e.g., solid (particle size), liquid, gaseous Influence of combustion facility/process Firing conditions (incl. temperature, oxygen) Size, geometry Flue gas cleaning French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 7

8 Fig. 1: Old stove Recommendations from the Expert Group Further specification of current emission factors (Category 3) in terms of - Facilities - Fuels - Residue types Fig. 2: Modern manual wood stove - Toolkit Category 3 d: Stoves - EF(air) : 100 µg TEQ/TJ [1] Inclusion of information on residue generation rates Toolkit adjustment to the needs of developing countries Fig. 3: Automatic pellet boiler Fig. 4: Traditional cook stove French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 8

9 Review of Current Publications Focus on solid fuel combustion (fossil & biomass) Information from ca. 60 publications evaluated PCDD/PCDF, PCB and HCB Air and residues Hübner et al., 2005 Hedmann et al., 2006 Hübner et al., 2005 French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 9

10 Further split of source categories for domestic heating Split into stoves and boilers? Split according to the shape of fuels? Further split according to fuel composition? French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 10

11 Further split of source categories for residential biomass combustion Further split of residues? Additional types of biomass? French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 11

12 PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Biomass Combustion Appliances Manual Automatic EF Stoves EF Boiler EF Pellet Boiler Hedmann, 2006 µg WHO-TEQ/t fuel Hübner, 2005 µg I-TEQ/t fuel (Old stove: 83.7) (Old boiler: 45.5) 0.04 Gullett, 2003 µg WHO-TEQ/t fuel Thanner, 2002 µg I-TEQ/t fuel French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 12

13 PCDD/PCDF Release Factors for Different Types of Residues (Clean Wood Combustion) UNEP Toolkit 3d µg TEQ/t residue 10 (ash) Hedmann, 2006 µg WHO-TEQ/t residue (ash) Mixed Ash Ash Soot Lavric, 2004 µg I-TEQ/t residue (fly ash, bottom ash) (chimney soot) Thanner, 2002 µg I-TEQ/t residue (combustion chamber ash) Launhardt, 2000 µg I-TEQ/t residue 5-33 (combustion chamber ash) (chimney soot) (heat exchanger ash, chimney ash) French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 13

14 Proposal of an Extended Matrix for PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors Further distinction of size and technology of appliances (Automatic Manual) Distinction of Mixed ash - Soot; Herbaceous biomass - Wood Unchanged categories for fuel quality (Contamination) No distinction of combustion conditions Category 3 d (Residential heating and cooking with Biomass) Specification of facilities Specification of fuels Specification of residues Current Facility type Stoves Specifica tion Facility Type Contamination Automatic furnaces Current Specification Curren t Fuel type Contaminated wood/ biomass Fuel type Herbace ous biomass Residu e type Mixed ash Specific ation Residue type Mixed ash Manual furnaces Virgin wood/ biomass Wood No Soot Yes French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 14

15 PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/TJ fuel) Current Toolkit EF French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 15

16 PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (ashes) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/t residue) Current Toolkit EF French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 16

17 PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (soot) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/t residue) No initial Toolkit EF French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 17

18 PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Residential Coal Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/TJ fuel) Current Toolkit EF French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 18

19 Further split of source categories for power plants Split into size categories? Split into more fuel categories? Further split according to fuel composition? French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 19

20 PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/TJ fuel) Current Toolkit EF French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 20

21 Proposed Revised Matrix for Category 3 French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 21

22 Review of Category 6 Emission Factors No change of existing source categories Validation of Toolkit EF Review of PCB and HCB EF French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 22

23 Category 6 Emission Factors (Air) (in μg TEQ/t fuel) French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 23

24 First Proposal of Emission Factors for PCB and HCB French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 24

25 Conclusions Up-to-date data in an appropriate format is now available for the ongoing review of the Toolkit. An extended source category split for Category 3 is proposed. The level of detail for the extended source category split is limited by and adapted to data availability. The current Toolkit emission factors are within the ranges set by the proposal. A first proposal of emission factors for HCB and PCB is now available as well. French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 25

26 Thank you for your attention French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 26