Using Motivational Interviewing to Improve Self-Care Among Individuals with MS
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1 Using Motivational Interviewing to Improve Self-Care Among Individuals with MS Aaron Turner, PhD, ABPP VA Puget Sound Health Care System VA MS Center of Excellence West Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington
2 Disclosures Aaron Turner, PhD Funding: Department of Veterans Affairs Research and Development
3 Learning Objectives At the conclusion of this activity, the participant will be able to: Identify the potential role of individual counseling and motivational interviewing in MS disease management Understand the role of individual readiness to change in the process of making health behavior change Review data supporting motivational interviewing Gain practical exposure to motivational interviewing practices
4 Obtaining CME Credit If you would like to receive CME credit for this activity, please visit: This information can also be found in the Summit 2011 Program on page 8.
5 Thank you PVA
6 Orlando at last
7 Chronic Care Model Wagner, 1998 Motivational Interviewing
8 Brief Exposure to Motivational Interviewing This is a first introduction to MI Reasons to consider MI Stages of Change/Readiness to change Empirical and theoretical basis for MI Model motivational interviewing strategies Practice selected motivational interviewing strategies
9 Ground Rules and Expectations There s no magic bullet I am not here to change your overall style or approach to patient care Some strategies may fit your style, others may not Take what you can use and leave the rest Bombardier 3-06
10 Helpful Responses Questionnaire What is the next thing you might say in response to each situation; just a phrase or short sentence. 1. Newly diagnosed person with MS. I m not sure I really need to start a DMT. 2. Person with MS during a clinic visit. I can t tell you how many times somebody has told me to stop smoking. 3. Person with significant MS-related fatigue. I m not sure what I should do to manage this fatigue. 4. Person thinking about exercising. I know I should exercise, but I m just too busy. 5. Person with recurrent depression and MS. Yeah, I felt better on Celexa, but I guess I just stopped taking it.
11 Contrasting Therapeutic Styles Traditional Fixer Style Goal-oriented Expert role Focus on action Direct persuasion Give reasons to change Give warnings Clinician talks more Clinician talks patient into changing MI Style Patient-oriented Collaborative Focus on motivation Explore ambivalence Elicit reasons to change Elicit concerns Clinician listens more Client talks him/herself into changing
12 Persuasion Exercise Pair up with a person next to you Think about a health behavior that you have thought about changing that you feel comfortable talking about One person is the HCP; one is the patient The patient tells the HCP about the health behavior they have thought about changing The HCP adopts a traditional fixer role: give them reasons to change, give advice about how to change, warn them about what will happen if they don t change and generally try to persuade the person to make this change now. You have two minutes Go!
13 Persuasion Exercise: Debrief What was it like playing the HCP? What did you observe regarding willingness or resistance to change? What was it like being the patient? At the beginning, how much, if at all did you want to change? What aspects of the interaction made you more or less motivated to change? Anyone experience the righting reflex? Bombardier 3-06
14 What is Motivational Interviewing? Motivational interviewing is a client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence
15 WHY BOTHER LEARNING MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING?
16 Because people are not always ready to change Precontemplation-not considering change; reluctant, resigned, resistant, unaware Contemplation-normal ambivalence about change, both pros and cons of change are present within the person Determination-getting ready to change Action-overt change begins Maintenance-sustaining change for >6 months Relapse-normal resumption of pre-change behavior (5-8 relapses are common) Prochaska, DiClemente, Norcross Am Psychol 1992
17 Decisional Balance Benefit of Change Cost of Change Benefit of Status Quo Cost of Status Quo
18 Indications of Stage of Change Stage of Change Precontemplation Red Light Contemplation Yellow Light Determination/Action Green Light Behavior Disagree Deny Minimize Disengage Ambivalence Yes..but Half hearted Giving in Tell me what to do I m going to make a change I know I can do this
19 Bombardier 3-06
20 Importance and Confidence Confidence
21 Listening for Stage of Change What is the next thing you might say in response to each situation; just a phrase or short sentence. 1. Newly diagnosed person with MS. I m not sure I really need to start a DMT. 2. Person with MS during a clinic visit. I can t tell you how many times somebody has told me to stop smoking. 3. Person with significant MS-related fatigue. I m not sure what I should do to manage this fatigue. 4. Person thinking about exercising. I know I should exercise, but I m just too busy. 5. Person with recurrent depression and MS. Yeah, I felt better on Celexa, but I guess I just stopped taking it.
22 The Science of Increasing Readiness to Change
23 MI Effectiveness: The evidence MI: 6 Meta-analyses 119+ Studies Effect Size = ~10-20% improvement Targets: Alcohol, other drug use smoking treatment adherence gambling, diet and exercise Lundahl et al., 2009 J Clin Psych Jay et al., 2010 JAMA
24 Trying Out Selected Motivational Interviewing Strategies
25 Key Strategies: OARS 1. Ask Open-ended questions 2. Provide Affirmation 3. Reflective Listening 4. Summarize Goal: Elicit Self-motivational Statements: Pay dirt recognition- I never thought about what a problem this is concern- I m really worried about this intention- I need to do something about this optimism- I think I can do this
26 Open Questions Open questions are ones that cannot be answered with a yes or no Open questions gets the client talking, hopefully about change Using open questions you can demonstrate empathy and acceptance, elicit change talk, develop discrepancy, etc. Bombardier 3-06
27 Practice Open-ended Questions Look at practice sheet (next slide) Try to come up with more than one open ended question that would help get the conversation going in a positive direction. Initial goals might be to communicate: Acceptance Non-judgmental attitude Not going to control them Elicit important values and goals Bombardier 3-06
28 Practice open ended questions 1. Newly diagnosed person with MS. I m not sure I really need to start a DMT. 2. Person with MS during a clinic visit. I can t tell you how many times somebody has told me to stop smoking. 3. Person with significant MS-related fatigue. I m not sure what I should do to manage this fatigue. 4. Person thinking about exercising. I know I should exercise, but I m just too busy. 5. Person with recurrent depression and MS. Yeah, I felt better on Celexa, but I guess I just stopped taking it.
29 Reflective Listening Demonstrates your understanding Demonstrates empathy, acceptance Mirrors back to the person elements of what they are saying that they may not be aware of Facilitates their self-understanding, insight Decreases resistance Bombardier 3-06
30 Tips on Reflective Listening Guess at what they mean. Make a statement not a question. With questions inflection goes up at the end. With statements, inflection stays down at the end. So, you think Your are wondering if It sounds like Repeat an element (short summary) Paraphrase with synonyms Reflect a feeling Bombardier 3-06
31 Practice reflections 1. Newly diagnosed person with MS. I m not sure I really need to start a DMT. 2. Person with MS during a clinic visit. I can t tell you how many times somebody has told me to stop smoking. 3. Person with significant MS-related fatigue. I m not sure what I should do to manage this fatigue. 4. Person thinking about exercising. I know I should exercise, but I m just too busy. 5. Person with recurrent depression and MS. Yeah, I felt better on Celexa, but I guess I just stopped taking it.
32 Affirming Prize, value, notice, appreciate, support aspects of the person s character or experience Different than praising, agreeing, judging I think you are doing a great job! You are working hard to get your life back Self-affirmations reduce defensiveness to feedback and treatment* Use in moderation; springs from your experience of the person; must be genuine *Harris et al., Health Psychol Jul;26(4): Bombardier 3-06
33 Summarize Collecting summary-reinforces (elements of) what has been said, lets them know you are following Reflect, reflect, what else? Summarize Linking summary-ties together what the person has just said with earlier material, usually to help them reflect upon ambivalence On one hand you feel x, y, z and on the other hand you also feel a, b, c. Transitional summary-wrap up the end of a session or move on to another topic Bombardier 3-06
34 Two Step Process of Change Desire Ability Reasons Need Commitment Language Behavior Change Amrhein, Miller, Yahane JCCP, 2003 Bombardier 3-06
35 Eliciting Change Talk Disadvantages of the status quo-what concerns do you have about not exercising? Advantages of change-how do you think exercising might help people? Optimism about change-what makes you think you could exercise if you wanted to? Intention to change-what exercises would you be willing to try?
36 Giving Advice: Elicit-Provide-Elicit Elicit what they already know and think Provide information Ask for permission to give information Use neutral, non-personal language What other people in your situation have done Be a little reluctant You re the expert about your life, but if you want I ll offer some ideas. Offer at least two potential options Elicit their reaction Now I wonder what you make of all this? Bombardier 3-06
37 Strategic MI Tools Bombardier 3-06
38 Decisional Balance Benefit of Change Cost of Change Benefit of Status Quo Cost of Status Quo
39 Good things, less good things Ask about the good things about the bad behavior first Why? Reflect, reflect, summarize Ask about the not so good things about the bad behavior Reflect, reflect, summarize Summarize both sides Ask key question: Where does this leave you now
40 Importance and Confidence Confidence
41 Brief MI: Importance How important is it right now for you to? On a scale from 0 to 10 what number would you give yourself? Why are you at X and not at 1? What would need to happen for you to get from X to (slightly higher number)? Rollnick, 1999
42 Brief MI: Confidence If you decided to change, how confident are you that you would succeed? On a scale from 0 to 10 what number would you give yourself? Why are you at X and not at 1? What would need to happen for you to get from X to (slightly higher number)? Rollnick, 1999
43 A Question to yourself What, if anything, do I want to do to begin integrating motivational interviewing tools into how interact with patients? Will I Listen for client readiness, resistance Notice what happens when I give unsolicited advice Try asking more open ended questions and notice what happens Try listening and reflecting more and see what happens Sign up for a two-day course on MI
44 For more information... Miller W. & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. Guilford Press: New York. Rollnick, S., Miller, W. & Butler, C. (2008). Motivational Interviewing In Health Care. Guilford Press: New York. Questions?
45 Facilitating Choice: Menu of Options When we work with people on managing fatigue we can help in a number of areas. Which strategy seems like it would be most helpful for you? Or is there something else that you think we should work on that is not listed here? Strength training Energy conservation Medications Aerobic conditioning Prioritization And Delegation Something else? Bombardier 3-06
46 Rolling with resistance Six strategies: 1. Simple reflection 2. Amplified reflection 3. Double-sided reflection 4. Shifting focus 5. Emphasize personal control. 6. Reframing 7. Giving choices Bombardier 3-06
47 Ways to Roll With Resistance I don t think exercising is the answer to my weight problem. Simple reflection: You don t think exercising is all that useful. Amplified reflection: You think exercising is a waste of time. Double-sided reflection: Your doctors are worried that your weakness and deconditioning contribute to your weight being up, yet you are convinced exercising really will not help. Bombardier 3-06
48 Ways to Roll With Resistance I don t think exercising is the answer to my weight problem. Shifting focus: I m not sure what is the most important thing you can do to reduce your weight. Exercising may not have the biggest payoff. Emphasize personal control: You may be right. You may decide it is more important to change something else. That decision is up to you. Reframing I can see how, after all the hassles you have had over trying to exercise, you may just want to ignore that part of your health. Bombardier 3-06
49 Practice Rolling With Resistance 1. I don t think these exercises are going to help me. 2. I m only here because my daughter (or doctor) wants me to. 3. I don t have time to exercise at home. 4. How can I exercise? I am [obese, in a w/c, too old]. 5. I m afraid I ll get hurt if I do those exercises. 6. I have already tried that kind of exercise and it did not work. Bombardier 3-06
50 Process of MI Open-ended questions-elicit change talk: Desire, Ability, Reasons, Need Good things, not so good things Decisional balance exercise Importance-Confidence exercise Values/Discrepancy Key Question Summaries Reflections and Affirmations Negotiate Change Plan Empathy, Autonomy, Collaboration, Self-Efficacy Bombardier 3-06
51 Clinical Case: Improving Adherence to DMT Using Motivational Interviewing Brief Telephone Based Intervention Session 1: Initial telephone based MI Session Focus: increasing motivation for adherence Session 2: Focus: navigating barriers to goals Session 3: Focus: relapse prevention
52 Clinical Case: Increasing Adherence to DMT Mr P. 50-ish year old Male RR MS DMT = Copaxone NARCOMS PDDS = 4 (Occasional Use of Cane) Mild Difficulties pain, spasticity, hand function Fatigue: (MFIS-5 = 17/20) Depression: PHQ-9 = 25 (met criteria for MDE) High Stress, Low Social Support Missed 50% of his doses
53 Case : Adherence to DMT Session 1: Motivational Interviewing (Phone) Mailed feedback Increasing self-efficacy for self-management Life goals Pros and cons of medication adherence Develop discrepancies Formulate a change plan
54 Bottom Line: Avonex reduces the development of new brain lesions Personal Feedback Report for John Doe This report provides information about the use of Avonex to slow progression of multiple sclerosis. The interviewer will review this information with you, but this copy is for you. New Brain Lesions Over 2 Years 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% No New Lesions More than Four New Lesions Placebo Avonex Cohen et al., Neurology, 2002 Lesions are areas of damage within the central nervous system where the body's immune system has attacked the myelin sheath around nerve cells. These lesions are visible using brain imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). People on active medication (Avonex) had fewer new brain lesions Over half of people who were not on medication (placebo) developed new lesions in two years 3 out of 4 people who developed many lesions were those not on medication (placebo)
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56 Telehealth Monitors Provide Structured Question Sets Individually Tailored Can ring to remind to take DMT Can be programmed to ring according to established medication schedule Educational/motivational reminders can be sent to unit If patient does not take medication, it asks why
57 Care Coordinator Graphic Interface
58 Case: Adherence to DMT Session 2: Skills Training (Phone) Navigating Obstacles Medication Scheduling Enlisting Social Support Missed Dose Chain Analysis Discuss Home Monitors
59 Case: Adherence to DMT Session 3: Clean-Up Review training in home monitors Problem solve missed doses Revisit MI and skills training
60 Ongoing telehealth monitoring Telephone Booster Calls: Mr. P. received 4 booster calls When he didn t report perfect adherence When he didn t report in as planned
61 Mr. P: Six Month Outcomes DMT Adherence Psychosocial Correlates Baseline Month 1 Month 3 Month Baseline Month 1 Month 3 Month 6 Confidence Missed Doses Satisfaction Fatigue (MFIS-5) Depression (PHQ-9)
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