The Effects of Acid Rain on Algal Growth Alex Zapinski Pittsburgh Central Catholic PJAS 2015 Grade 9

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1 The Effects of Acid Rain on Algal Growth Alex Zapinski Pittsburgh Central Catholic PJAS 2015 Grade 9

2 Acid Rain! Contains high amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids! Created by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.! Emissions come from both natural and man made factors! Can be deposited onto the earth in two forms: dry and wet deposition

3 Algae! Large and diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, typically autotrophs! Base of all aquatic food chains! Used as a bio-indicator for aquatic ecosystems

4 Euglena gracilis! Generally cylindrical in shape with many flagella! Common algal like protist! Partial heterotroph- endocytosis and photosynthesis! Capable of surviving in both salt and freshwater ecosystems! A common lab subject

5 Spectrophotometry! Measures the amount of light that passes through a medium at a set wavelength! Commonly used in physics, chemistry, biochemistry, material science, and molecular biology

6 Past studies! Some limiting factors such as sulfuric acid can cause algal blooms! Algal blooms can lead to the deoxygenization of the pond and death of other aquatic life! High concentrations of sulfuric acid have been shown to be a hindrance to the growth of algae

7 Interaction of Components! Algae in nature is commonly affected by acid rain, which can have devastating effects on the surrounding environment! The sulfuric acid affects the growth of the euglena! The spectrophotometer is used to measure the growth of the algae

8 Purpose! To determine if sulfuric acid has significant effects on the growth of Euglena gracilis.

9 Hypothesis! Null hypothesis- the sulfuric acid will not have significant effects on the growth of Euglena gracilis! Alternative hypothesis- the sulfuric acid will have significant effects on the growth of Euglena gracilis

10 Materials! Euglena gracilis! 35 test tubes (13 x 100 mm culture tubes borosilicate)! Micro-pipettes! Micro-pipette tips! Spectrophotometer! Test tube racks! 0.1 M sulfuric acid! Spring water! Soil water

11 Procedures 1. Racks with tubes were set up on a desk 46 cm away from a lamp. 2. The temperature of the room was set to degrees Celsius. 3. The following ingredients were added to the tubes to create the following experimental concentrations of sulfuric acid.

12 Tube concentrations (ml) Molarity Sulfuric Acid 10-3 Substock Substock Euglena Soil Water Control 0 Spring Water Total Volume

13 Procedures (cont.) 4. The top of each tube was covered with wax paper and mixed by inversion. 5. The absorbance was taken at 430nm using a spectrophotometer. 6. Absorbance readings were taken every two days for 14 days.

14 Anova: Single Factor! Analysis of data that compares variation within groups to variation between the groups! Alpha: 0.05! If the p-value is below the alpha, then the effects are significant

15 430nm P-values: Day 1: Day 3: Day 7: Day 13: 10-22

16 Dunnett's Test! Compares experimental groups back to the control! Determines which experimental groups produced significant variation! If T value > T-crit then the results were significant

17 T-crit= Day 3 T-value Sulfuric Acid Significance Significant Significant Not Sig. Not Sig. Day 7 T-value Significance Significant Significant Not Sig. Not Sig. Day 13 T-value Significance Significant Significant Significant Significant

18 Conclusion! Null hypothesis would be rejected for the concentrations of 10-2 and 10-3! Null hypothesis would be accepted for the concentrations of 10-4 and 10-5 except for day 13

19 Limitations and Extensions! Limitations-! Health of Euglena?! Controlled temperature! Extensions-! Use more species of algae! Use more replicates! Use more concentrations of sulfuric acid! Use concentrations of nitric acid! The synergistic effects of sulfuric acid and other chemicals

20 Works cited! phy367/p367_articles/acidrain/effects-onlakes.html! euglena.htm! html! Mark Krotec, PTEI

21 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance E E E-05 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total

22 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance E E E-05 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total

23 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance E ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total

24 Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance E E #DIV/0! #DIV/0! ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups E Within Groups Total

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