How to measure the digital divide?
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1 How to measure the digital divide? KADO invites you to explore the IT World of Your Dreams
2 Contents 2 11 Current Issues in in the Digital Divide 22 Definition of of the Digital Divide 33 Operational Definition of of the Digital Divide 44 Measurements of of the Digital Divide 55 Conclusion
3 Current Issues in the Digital Divide
4 Current Issues in the Digital Divide 4 General Diffusion Steps of ICTs Types Early adoption Stage Take off Stage Saturation Stage Penetration Less adoption but rapidly increasing Speedy adoption but not completed Sluggish adoption but almost completed Growth So speedy Sluggish growth or change in adoption speed Stable status Applicable Technology Internet, PC, mobile phone Cable, VCR Telephone, TV
5 Current Issues in the Digital Divide 5 Internet adaptation Curve in Korea Internet users Early-adaptation Take-Off Saturation Time Time
6 Current Issues in the Digital Divide 6 Types of the Digital Divide Stage Earlyadoption Type Access divide The Digital Divide Terminology Early digital divide Description Description on difference between persons can access and can not Take -off Usage Divide Primary digital divide Description on difference between users and not users Saturation Divide stemming from the Quality of Use Secondary digital divide Description on difference within users
7 Definition of the Digital Divide
8 Definition of the Digital Divide % General 20% Definition OECD s definition Gap between individuals, households, businesses and geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard both to their opportunities to access ICTs and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety of activities Academic definition -The term digital divide refers to the disparity in accessing to the technologies 관련 and resources of the information and communication. The digitalization of the economy and the society may produce differences ences and gaps amongst individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas, rich and poor countries. - Measuring the digital divide involves a lot of criteria concerning: network access, human capabilities, knowledge and application, IT expertise, IT usage in business sector. Also the way in which the technological disparity is reckoned can vary in different perspectives, all having a reasonable fundament.
9 Definition of the Digital Divide 9 General Definition 14.9% 20% The Basic Digital Divide difference between users and non users in access, ability, and usage u The Dual Digital Divide between users and non users but has more than one obstacles 관련 i.e : disabled living in rural, or elderly women The Second Digital Divide - Difference within user groups - Difference between productive users & consuming users - Difference between power users & passive users
10 Definition 10! Two kinds of the Digital Divide " Vertical Divide: Gap between IT users and non-users Problem of equal opportunity (First level divide) " Horizontal Divide: Gap among IT users Problem of social integration (Second level divide)! Currently, vertical divide is the hot issue
11 Operational Definition of the Digital Divide
12 Operational Definition of the Digital Divide 12 What is an appropriate Operation Definitions Operational Definitions Usually by UK, USA, Japan, etc. 14.9% 20% - Divide in Internet usage of individual at home - Divide in Internet usage of individual at any places - Divide 관련 in home PC ownership Divide in home PC ownership - Divide in PC accessibility of individual - Divide in Internet subscription of household - Divide in broadband internet subscription
13 13 Drawbacks in the Operational Definition of the Digital Divide Mainly Focusing Access Internet usage, Home PC ownership, Internet subscription Do not Cover Usage and Application Divide Ability to use Internet, or Computer, Usage or Application of Computer/Internet 관련 Need to Develop Composite Measure Composite Index including access, ability, and utilization / application
14 Example of Composite Index Personal Information Index Personal Access Index Personal Capacity Index Personal Application Index ( weighted average) ( weighted average) ( weighted average) Accessibility Computer/ Tool Awareness Internet Diversification Indicator Specification Computer Literacy Internet Literacy Quantitative Utilization Qualitative Utilization PC / Internet Use Accessibility PC Type Internet Speed (High/Low) Source : KADO IT Necessity / Importance Awareness Computer Literacy Internet Literacy Computer/ No. of Internet Registered Using Time Sites Degree of Recommended Helping S/W Contents Daily Life Utilization 14
15 Measurements of the Digital Divide
16 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Cross Sectional) 16 Comparison informatization level between advanced and disadvantaged groups across gender, age, income, region, education etc. age 2001 Incomes More 50s % p difference Less $15,000 $15,000-$24,999 $25,000-$34,999 $35,000-$49,999 $50,000-$74,999 More $75, % p difference Source : A Nation online(usa, 2002) Drawback : Just difference between two extreme groups but not overall score(picture) of the digital divide across categories Not taking into account intermediate groups,
17 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Cross Sectional) 17 Each data use different categories, especially income, social status variables Ages Incomes Residential Social status.. USA Less $15,000 $15,000-$24,999 $25,000-$34,999.. More $75,000 UK Less 17,500 L 17,500 L-30,000 L More 30,000 L Drawback : lack of standard in measuring the digital divide, Thus, hard to compare across nations
18 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Cross Sectional) 18! Lorenz curve! Gini coefficient I i Lorenz curve All Equal One takes All Measurement the area between the diagonal and the Lorenz curve(0, absolute equality, 1, absolute inequality) n N
19 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Cross Sectional) Lorenz Curve for the digital divide for all population Informatization score : Access(0.404) 2 : Capability (0.569) 3 : Quantitative Usage (0.603) 4 : Qualitative Usage (0.654) Population Source : KADO(Pilot study),
20 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Cross Sectional) Lorenz Curve for Households with Computers vs. Income Lowest 42%, 12% of computer users Lowest 45%, 27% of computer users Source : A Nation online(usa, 2002) 20
21 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Cross Sectional) Lorenz Curve for Global Digital Divide Value (Internet users, ITU) (DAI, ITU) Number of Countries Source : ITU Data 21
22 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Time Series) What have to be considered in tracking trends A : Track the score difference between extreme groups B : Track the ratio of penetration rates bet extreme groups C : Track the increase rate of particular group D : Track the Gini coefficients Category June Increase rate % variables 20s % Incomes 30s % Ages 40s 50s % 389 % Residential More 60s % Social status.. Difference score 64.1 P 89.9 P 87.4 P 89.2 P 88.2 P Source : KRNIC, 2004 Ratio (times)
23 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Time Series) Source : A Nation online(usa, 2002)
24 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Time Series) Source : A Nation online(usa, 2002) 24
25 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Time Series) 25 Source : The Digital Divide in Canada(George Sciadas)
26 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Time Series) 26 Source : The Digital Divide in Canada(George Sciadas)
27 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Times Series) Gini Coefficients for Internet User Rate (Worldwide) Value : 2003(0.618) 2 : 2001(0.663) 3 : 1999 (0.728) Number of Countries Source : KADO using the ITU Data 27
28 Measuring of the Digital Divide(Time Series) Source : Benton Foundation(2002) 28
29 Conclusion
30 Conclusion 30! Not just access, include ability and application(second digital divide) " Development of composite measure including ability and application such as Personal Informatization Score! Necessity of Standardized tool to measure the digital divide " Different conclusion by the different measurements " Merits or Limitations of each measurement " Merits or limitation of Lorenz curve in measuring the digital divide " Clear understanding of the meaning of Lorenz curve
31 Thank you
32 Global Digital Divide ( GINI Coefficient Curve) Value Number of Countries 1 : 2003(0.618) 2 : 2001(0.663) 3 : 1999 (0.728) 4 : 2003DAI(0.287) Source : KADO. Jin 32
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