Metrology for LNG Conference th October 2013 Delft, the Netherlands. Metrology for LNG Conference, th Oct Delft, the Netherlands
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1 Metrology for LNG Conference th October 2013 Delft, the Netherlands
2 LNG Sampling System Jorg Udo Gramlich Advisor(Measurements) OTD Maintenance Engineering
3 Agenda Qatar / Ras Laffan / RasGas Company Challenge / Goal Design Golden Rules Issues at Site Way Forward Raman Spectroscopy
4 Qatar Qatar is a small peninsula in the Middle East half way down the West coast of the Arabian Gulf Qatar has a tradition steeped in pearl diving, but oil was discovered in 1930 The North Field has estimated reserves of over 900 trillion standard cubic feet of recoverable gas Source:
5 Ras Laffan Industrial City Source:
6 Ras Laffan Industrial City Located on the NE coast International and National Companies QatarGas, RasGas Shell, Dolphin and Oryx In shipments In shipments In shipments
7 RasGas Company Ltd. RasGas Company Limited is the operator of Ras Laffan Liquefied Natural Gas Company Limited and other project companies. RasGas operates seven LNG trains, two sales gas units and 2 Helium Units. Train 1 & 2: &4.2000, combined 6.6 Mt/a Train 3,4 & 5: ,8.2005& combined 14.1 Mt/a Train 6 & 7: &2.2010, combined 15.6 Mt/a AKG-1 & 2: & , approx Nm^3/h (inlet) Helium 1 & 2: & approx t/a liq. He
8 RasGas Company Ltd. Train 7 Train 6 AKG 2 Train 5 Train 4 Train 3 AKG 1 Train 2 Train 1 He 1 & 2 (not shown on the picture) Source: RasGas Company Ltd.
9 Challenge It is essential that the LNG is vaporized homogenously and that partial vaporization is avoided under all circumstances. Partial vaporization gives erratic reading on the GC measuring values, which effects on density and the gross calorific value calculations and lead to a quadratic impact! E = V LNG *ρ LNG * GCV LNG Where V LNG : ρ LNG : GCV LNG : Volume of LNG Density of LNG Gross Calorific Value of LNG
10 Goal That the enthalpy rise in the LNG sample due to heat absorption throughout the Sampling Process is smaller than degree of sub-cooling to guarantee LNG come as a sub cooled liquid to the vaporizer To extract a sample of LNG that is truly representative To produce a reliable composition to calculate the density and the heating value
11 Design as per ISO 8943 ISO 8943:2007 Refrigerated light hydrocarbon fluids Sampling of liquefied natural gas Continuous and intermittent methods Source: ISO 8943:2007
12 Sample Point Requirements LNG must be in a sub-cooled condition at the Sampling Point. The degree of sub-cooling is ascertained by measuring the temperature and the pressure at Sampling Point and within the phase diagram the delta between the boiling point and the measured dataset will provide the information. T LNG Sampling Point < T boiling : LNG as liquid T LNG Sampling Point > T boiling : Vaporization of LNG (L+V)
13 Sample Point There are different ways to take the sample from the LNG line. The protruding sampler is preferred. Sample from the periphery of the header might causes disadvantages (b). Direct sampling from the header is preferred against sampling from a bypass line. Source: LNG Custody Transfer Handbook,
14 Sample Transport Source: Most efficient insulation is vacuum insulation. Vacuum Jacked Hose Advantage: flexible and sealed vacuum. Disadvantage: connection points not insulated. Piping System Advantage: sealed vacuum, bayonet connection Disadvantage: not flexible
15 Heat Absorbtion Calculation Heat absorption Calculation as per ISO : π (Ta Ts) Q = X L 1 1 Do ln----- ha*do 2k Di Q : Heat absorption by sample line in Ta : Atmospheric Temperature in Ts : LNG Sampling Temperature in d : LNG Density ha : LNG pressure Watts. K K Kg/M³ kpa k : Therm. conductivity insulation material W/m²k Do: Outside diameter insulation Di : Inside Diameter insulation L : Length of sampling line m m m
16 Enthalphy Rise Calculation The enthalpy rise H 1 in J/Kg in the LNG sample due to heat absorption through the sample line is given by the equation below : Q x 3600 H 1 = F Q : Heat absorption by sample line F : Sample flow rate If the enthalpy rise H 1 < as the degree of sub cooling, no fractionation occurs. If the enthalpy rise H 1 > as the degree of sub cooling, fractionation occurs.
17 Phase Diagram Filled dot: LNG loading line White dot: LNG at vaporizer Enthalpy of the saturated liquid P: Pressure in kpa H: Enthalpy in J/Kg 1: Degree of Sub-Cooling 3: Saturated liquid 2: Pressure drop 4: Heat absorption sample line
18 Vaporizer ISO 8943 states: The heat exchange capacity of the LNG sample vaporizer shall be sufficient to gasify the whole volume of LNG which is being withdrawn for sampling The sample vaporizer shall be so constructed that the heavier components of the LNG shall not remain in the vaporizer.
19 Pre - Vaporization
20 Partial Vaporization
21 Vaporizer Source: The vaporizer is mainly a simple construction, but the essential part for the phase change from liquid to gasouse phase. Important is the efficency of the heat transfer from the heater element to sample to archive a flash vaporisation of the sample. If the heater element with the sample coil is placed in a liquid bath, the efficiency of the heat transfer will be optimized. As per our experience a heated regulator is not fit for purpose.
22 Heated Regulator The heated regulator is fit to vaporize liquids like LPG or condensates. only heated on the area where liquid enters the regulator. the surface where the liquid is in contact with hot metal is small. In case heat transfer between gas and heater element is not sufficient fractional vaporization might take place Source:
23 Accumulator The accumulator is used to restructure the LNG by averaging the sample in the accumulator. ISO 8943 mention a accumulator, but there is no volume of the accumulator specified. Normally the volume of the accumulator is between 2 to 6 liter. delay time A accumulator becomes more efficient if it is not just a vessel in the sample line. A good vaporization is the key to reduce the accumulator size.
24 Pressure Regulator The pressure regulator should keep the pressure in the fast loop stable to keep the flow rate constant. Based on the sample pressure drop and composition, a Joule Thompson effect should be taken in consideration. heated regulator. The gas sample transport line can be heat traced, depending on dew point of the gas. Source:
25 LNG Sampling Golden Rules 1. The sample needs to be taken off from a point, where the LNG is in the sub cooled state. The location needs to selected carefully to avoid stratification of the sample 2. The sample transport lines need to be insulated and the flow need to be sufficient to avoid that the heat leaks causing partial vaporization of the LNG 3. The vaporizer power need to be sufficient to flash vaporize the LNG 4. ISO 8943:07 needs to be followed. ISO 8943 defines the requirements on the sampling system for refrigerated hydrocarbon fluids
26 Issues on Offsite Unit 71 Location:(following API requirements) Probes should be mounted vertically at the top of a straight run of horizontal pipe. Probe should be at least 5 diameter downstream of a disturbance. Probe should not be mounted in any death end section of pipe. Situation in Unit 71 The probe is located close to a disturbance The flow through the bypass can not be proven as there is no flow indicator available. The bypass may be a death end. Source: RasGas Company Ltd.
27 Issues on Offsite Unit 71 For accurate analysis sample must be conditioned from initial low temperature to gas without partial vaporization or loss of product. Important to ensure that LNG remains in sub cooled condition during sampling and ambient heat input minimized. Insulation on sample take off tube to vaporizer cabinet is not sufficient to keep sample in sub cooled temperature and vaporization occurs before vaporizer.
28 Issues on Offsite Unit 71 An isolation valve located close to vaporizer box, cannot be cooled by small sample flow of LNG and is a huge hot spot. Vaporizer is heated pressure regulator and whose design duty with LNG is unknown. The accumulator causes a delay of approximately 30 min.
29 Issues on Offsite Unit 71 Sample Take Off Point This picture shows the 1/8 sample line coming out of the massive foam insulation. To keep the sample liquid, a temperature below -150 C needs to be maintained. The rubber hose insulation can not provide the required insulation. Source: RasGas Company Ltd. The low sample flow is not supporting the LNG to remain in sub cooled stage.
30 Issues on Offsite Unit 71 Liquid Sample Transfer A mechanical pressure gauge is connected to liquid sample transfer line. The pipe to the gauge is insufficiently insulated. The impulse line to the pressure gauge must be considered as a dead end. The pipe will be a transfer line for thermal energy and will lead to vaporization of LNG. Source: RasGas Company Ltd.
31 Issues on Offsite Unit 71 Liquid Sample Transfer A cryogenic needle valve is located on sample transfer line from take off point to heated regulator. The massive body of the valve will accumulate a huge amount of thermal energy, low flow of LNG sample will never be able to cool down the needle valve. Source: RasGas Company Ltd.
32 Issues on Offsite Unit 71 Liquid Sample Transfer Source: RasGas Company Ltd. The picture shows the heated regulator. The poor insulated line from left side is LNG sample line. Insulation is still required to avoid a gasification before the vaporizer.
33 A Millions Dollar Question! Source:
34 Way Forward To improve the sample quality several steps required: Sample probe improvement Shut off valve close to the take off point Vacuum jacked sample line Improvement of the vaporizer Operational Technical Department did a study on the available sample probes Omnia 8943 Sampler (LNG jacked sampler) Introducing a new analyzer technique: Raman spectroscopy Scientific Instruments
35 Raman Spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique that use scattering for detection of the concentration and component. Advantage: measures the LNG without vaporization, probe directly hocked up to the LNG line Disadvantage: limited to measurement up to C 5 and detection limit at 200ppm Not suitable for measurements following ISO 6976, Natural Gas Calculation of calorific value, Density and relative density. Source:
36 RasGas Company Limited 2013
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