Hidden Photons. in Beam Dump Experiments and in connection with Dark Matter. Sarah Andreas DESY. March 15 th, 2013
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1 Hidden Photons in Beam Dump Experiments and in connection with Dark Matter Sarah Andreas DESY March 15 th, 2013 Workshop to Explore Physics Opportunities with Intense, Polarized Electron Beams up to 300 MeV based on: and with M. Goodsell, C. Niebuhr, A. Ringwald
2 Outline 1 Motivation and Introduction 2 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Production in Bremsstrahlung Decay & Detection Beam Dump Limits 3 Hidden Dark Matter Toy Model Supersymmetric Model 4 Conclusions Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
3 Motivation & Introduction Hidden Sector Hidden Sectors in many BSM scenarios e.g. string theory, supersymmetry HS messenger Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
4 Motivation & Introduction Hidden Sector with Hidden Photon Hidden Sectors in many BSM scenarios e.g. string theory, supersymmetry simplest scenario: HS with extra U(1) HS messenger breaking of large gauge groups yield hidden U(1)s e.g. heterotic or type II strings, supersymmetric models Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
5 Motivation & Introduction Hidden Sector with Hidden Photon Hidden Sectors in many BSM scenarios e.g. string theory, supersymmetry simplest scenario: HS with extra U(1) HS γ γ breaking of large gauge groups yield hidden U(1)s e.g. heterotic or type II strings, supersymmetric models hidden photon γ couples weakly via kinetic mixing χ with γ χ generated at loop level: χ γ γ [Holdom 86; Galison, Manohar 84] most general Lagrangian L eff = L SM 1 4 XµνX µν χ 2 XµνF µν + m2 γ 2 XµX µ + g Y j µ ema µ Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
6 Motivation & Introduction GeV-scale Dark Force and Dark Matter HS can contain matter in addition to gauge fields hidden photon as Dark Force DM γ γ Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
7 Motivation & Introduction GeV-scale Dark Force and Dark Matter HS can contain matter in addition to gauge fields hidden photon as Dark Force generates Sommerfeld enhancement, allows leptophilic DM annihilation, [Arkani-Hamed, Finkbeiner, Slatyer, Weiner 09] DM γ γ PAMELA & Fermi mediates scattering on nuclei ψ e + DAMA, CoGeNT & CRESST γ γ γ e e + ψ e Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
8 Motivation & Introduction GeV-scale Dark Force and Dark Matter HS can contain matter in addition to gauge fields hidden photon as Dark Force generates Sommerfeld enhancement, allows leptophilic DM annihilation, [Arkani-Hamed, Finkbeiner, Slatyer, Weiner 09] DM γ γ PAMELA & Fermi mediates scattering on nuclei ψ e + DAMA, CoGeNT & CRESST γ mass from Higgs or Stückelberg mechanism supersymmetric models [Baumgart et al. 09 and following papers SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] large volume string compactifications [Goodsell et al. 09] ψ γ γ e e + e m γ GeV-scale Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
9 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Outline 1 Motivation and Introduction 2 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Production in Bremsstrahlung Decay & Detection Beam Dump Limits 3 Hidden Dark Matter 4 Conclusions Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
10 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Production in Bremsstrahlung Production E0 γ 0 emitted from e -beam Eγ 0 e in process similar to ordinary Bremsstrahlung production cross section Weiza cker-williams approximation [Kim, Tsai 73; Tsai 74; Tsai 86; Bjorken, Essig, Schuster, Toro 09] (replace target particle N by flux of effective photons Φ(Z )) dσγ 0 me 0 ' dxe σ 4 α3 χ2 m2 0 v u u m2 t1 γ 0 Φ(Z ) 1+ 2 Ee γ α 3 Z 2 χ2 mγ2 0 xe2 3(1 xe ) γ e ' E0 Eγ = xe Ee e O(10 pb) Z nucleus Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
11 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Production in Bremsstrahlung Production E0 γ 0 emitted from e -beam Eγ 0 e in process similar to ordinary Bremsstrahlung production cross section [Kim, Tsai 73; Tsai 74; Tsai 86; Bjorken, Essig, Schuster, Toro 09] Weiza cker-williams approximation (replace target particle N by flux of effective photons Φ(Z )) dσγ 0 me 0 ' dxe σ 4 α3 χ2 m2 0 v u u m2 t1 γ 0 Φ(Z ) 1+ 2 Ee γ α 3 Z 2 χ2 mγ2 0 compared to e + e collider case: σ α2 χ2 E2 xe2 3(1 xe ) γ e ' E0 Eγ = xe Ee e O(10 pb) Z nucleus e O(10 fb) γ e+ Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
12 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Decay & Detection Decay γ 0 can penetrate the dump carrying most of beam energy emitted in forward direction E0 e Eγ 0 γ 0 energy E0 = 1.6 GeV γ 0 emission angle Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
13 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Decay & Detection Decay E0 γ 0 can penetrate the dump Eγ 0 e carrying most of beam energy emitted in forward direction γ 0 energy decay into SM particles Γγ 0 `+ ` ' E0 = 1.6 GeV αχ2 mγ 0 3 exponential decay with a decay length lγ 0 = γβcτγ 0 Sarah Andreas (DESY) Eγ 0 γ 0 emission angle 2 αχ2 mγ 0 Eγ 0 10cm O(mm km) 1GeV 10 4 χ!2 10MeV mγ 0!2 Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
14 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Decay & Detection Detection decay must take place within decay volume to be observable E 0 e E γ detect decay products, mostly e + e no SM background (if shield long enough) number of expected events from γ produced in bremsstrahlung detected via decay products: N events N e n sh de γ de e dl I e(e 0, E e, l) dσ γ de γ e L sh /l γ ( 1 e L dec /l γ ) BR e + e energy distribution I e(e 0, E e, l) of electrons in dump has to be taken into account Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
15 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Decay & Detection Events in Experiment not all events can be detected E 0 e E γ geometry of set-up finite detector size possibly energy cuts Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
16 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Decay & Detection Events in Experiment x cm L dec not all events can be detected geometry of set-up finite detector size possibly energy cuts y cm z cm 200 compare with events from Monte Carlo simulations with MadGraph four-momentum of produced γ four-momenta of decay leptons angles, track, energies experimental acceptance [Monte Carlo by Rouven Essig, Philip Schuster, Natalia Toro] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
17 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Beam Dump Limits Shape & Experimental Limitations Χ m Γ' GeV Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
18 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Beam Dump Limits Shape & Experimental Limitations 10 2 γ has to penetrate O(10 cm) dump number of events for l γ L sh : e L sh /l γ N events e L sh/l γ Χ l γ E γ /χ 2 m 2 γ m Γ' GeV Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
19 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Beam Dump Limits Shape & Experimental Limitations 10 2 γ has to penetrate O(10 cm) dump number of events for l γ L sh : e L sh /l γ N events e L sh/l γ Χ l γ E γ /χ 2 m 2 γ 10 6 enough decays within decay volume 10 7 number of events for small χ: ) N events σ (e L sh/l γ e Ltot/l γ m Γ' GeV σ L dec l γ for l γ L sh,dec χ 2 m 2 γ χ 2 m 2 γ L dec χ 4 L dec independent of m γ Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
20 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Beam Dump Limits Shape & Experimental Limitations 10 2 γ has to penetrate O(10 cm) dump number of events for l γ L sh : e L sh /l γ N events e L sh/l γ Χ l γ E γ /χ 2 m 2 γ 10 6 enough decays within decay volume 10 7 number of events for small χ: ) N events σ (e L sh/l γ e Ltot/l γ m Γ' GeV σ L dec l γ for l γ L sh,dec χ 2 m 2 γ χ 2 m 2 γ L dec χ 4 L dec experimental acceptance from Monte Carlo simulations with MadGraph independent of m γ Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
21 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Beam Dump Limits Limits from Experiments KEK Japan (1986) [Konaka et al. 86] 27 mc electrons at 2.5 GeV shield: 3.5 cm tungsten target, 2.4 m iron decay volume: 2.2 m Χ KEK m Γ' GeV Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
22 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Beam Dump Limits Limits from Experiments KEK Japan (1986) [Konaka et al. 86] 27 mc electrons at 2.5 GeV shield: 3.5 cm tungsten target, 2.4 m iron decay volume: 2.2 m Orsay France (1989) [Davier, Nguyen Ngoc 89] 3.2 mc electrons at 1.6 GeV shield: 65 cm tungsten target, 1 m lead decay channel: 2 m inside concrete wall Χ Orsay KEK m Γ' GeV [SA, Niebuhr, Ringwald] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
23 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Beam Dump Limits Limits from Experiments KEK Japan (1986) [Konaka et al. 86] 27 mc electrons at 2.5 GeV shield: 3.5 cm tungsten target, 2.4 m iron decay volume: 2.2 m Orsay France (1989) [Davier, Nguyen Ngoc 89] 3.2 mc electrons at 1.6 GeV shield: 65 cm tungsten target, 1 m lead decay channel: 2 m inside concrete wall SLAC E141 (1987) [Riordan et al. 87] 0.32 mc electrons at 9 GeV shield: 12 cm tungsten; decay volume: 35 m SLAC E137 (1988) [Bjorken et al. 88] 30 C electrons at 20 GeV shield: alu, 179 m rock; decay volume: 204 m Χ Orsay E774 E141 KEK E m Γ' GeV Fermilab E774 (1991) 0.83 nc electrons at 275 GeV shield: 30 cm tungsten decay volume: 2 m [Bross et al. 91] [Bjorken, Essig, Schuster, Toro 09] [SA, Niebuhr, Ringwald] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
24 Electron Beam Dump Experiments Beam Dump Limits Limits from Experiments KEK Japan (1986) [Konaka et al. 86] 27 mc electrons at 2.5 GeV shield: 3.5 cm tungsten target, 2.4 m iron decay volume: 2.2 m Orsay France (1989) [Davier, Nguyen Ngoc 89] 3.2 mc electrons at 1.6 GeV shield: 65 cm tungsten target, 1 m lead decay channel: 2 m inside concrete wall SLAC E141 (1987) [Riordan et al. 87] 0.32 mc electrons at 9 GeV shield: 12 cm tungsten; decay volume: 35 m SLAC E137 (1988) [Bjorken et al. 88] 30 C electrons at 20 GeV shield: alu, 179 m rock; decay volume: 204 m Χ KLOE K µνγ Orsay NOMAD & PS191 SINDRUM E774 APEX A1 E141 KEK a e a µ ν-cal I E137 BaBar CHARM m Γ' GeV Fermilab E774 (1991) 0.83 nc electrons at 275 GeV shield: 30 cm tungsten decay volume: 2 m [Bross et al. 91] [Bjorken, Essig, Schuster, Toro 09] [SA, Niebuhr, Ringwald] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
25 Hidden Dark Matter Outline 1 Motivation and Introduction 2 Electron Beam Dump Experiments 3 Hidden Dark Matter Toy Model Supersymmetric Model 4 Conclusions Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
26 Hidden Dark Matter Toy Model 10-1 Toy Model: Dirac fermion DM DarkLight MESA Hidden Photon with mass mγ 0 and mixing χ 10-4 Χ Simplest hidden sector with DF & DM A1 APEX HPS Additional Dirac fermion ψ I one extra mass parameter mψ Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
27 Hidden Dark Matter Toy Model 10-1 Toy Model: Dirac fermion DM Hidden Photon with mass mγ 0 and mixing χ 10-4 Χ Simplest hidden sector with DF & DM nt ina om d b su WMAP 10-5 Additional Dirac fermion ψ I one extra mass parameter mψ 10-6 overabundant 10-7 mdm = 6GeV κ = 10. Relic abundance Ωh annihilation of ψ through and into γ 0 s-channel: resonance for mγ 0 = 2 mψ g g χ = Y 2h κ 16π t-channel only when mγ 0 < mψ ψ total DM or subdominant component [Fayet 04; Pospelov, Ritz, Voloshin 08; Cheung, Ruderman, Wang, Yavin 09; Morrissey, Poland, Zurek 09; Dudas, Mambrini, Pokorski, Romagnoni 09; Chun, Park 10; Essig, Kaplan, Schuster, Toro 10; Mambrini 10; Cline, Frey 12; Hooper, Weiner, Xue 12] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] PEB Workshop, / 18
28 Hidden Dark Matter Toy Model 10-1 Toy Model: Dirac fermion DM Hidden Photon with mass mγ 0 and mixing χ 10-4 Χ Simplest hidden sector with DF & DM nt ina om d b su 10-5 Additional Dirac fermion ψ I one extra mass parameter mψ WMAP 10-6 overabundant 10-7 mdm = 6GeV κ = 0.1 Relic abundance Ωh annihilation of ψ through and into γ 0 s-channel: resonance for mγ 0 = 2 mψ g g χ = Y 2h κ 16π t-channel only when mγ 0 < mψ ψ total DM or subdominant component [Fayet 04; Pospelov, Ritz, Voloshin 08; Cheung, Ruderman, Wang, Yavin 09; Morrissey, Poland, Zurek 09; Dudas, Mambrini, Pokorski, Romagnoni 09; Chun, Park 10; Essig, Kaplan, Schuster, Toro 10; Mambrini 10; Cline, Frey 12; Hooper, Weiner, Xue 12] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] PEB Workshop, / 18
29 Hidden Dark Matter Toy Model Toy Model: Dirac fermion DM Direct Detection elastic scattering on nuclei mediated by γ spin-independent vector-like interaction Χ subdominant WMAP overabundant 10 7 m DM = 6GeV κ = Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
30 Hidden Dark Matter Toy Model Toy Model: Dirac fermion DM Direct Detection elastic scattering on nuclei mediated by γ spin-independent vector-like interaction Χ CoGeNT XENON10 overabundant 10 7 m DM = 6GeV κ = m Γ' GeV Comparison with experiments signal claims from DAMA & CoGeNT limits on σ SI : XENON10 & 100, DAMIC [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
31 Hidden Dark Matter Toy Model Toy Model: Dirac fermion DM Direct Detection elastic scattering on nuclei mediated by γ spin-independent vector-like interaction Χ CoGeNT XENON10 overabundant Comparison with experiments signal claims from DAMA & CoGeNT limits on σ SI : XENON10 & 100, DAMIC [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] χ m DM = 6GeV κ = m Γ' GeV m γ [GeV] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
32 Hidden Dark Matter Supersymmetric Model Supersymmetric Dark Force models most simple anomaly-free HS: three chiral superfields S, H +, H charged under U(1) h superpotential: W λ S SH +H (assume MSSM in visible sector) [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
33 Hidden Dark Matter Supersymmetric Model Supersymmetric Dark Force models most simple anomaly-free HS: three chiral superfields S, H +, H charged under U(1) h superpotential: W λ S SH +H (assume MSSM in visible sector) consider gravity mediation gauge med. in [Morrissey, Poland, Zurek 09] gravitino is not the LSP DM can consist of stable hidden sector particle is either Majorana or Dirac fermion [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
34 Hidden Dark Matter Supersymmetric Model Supersymmetric Dark Force models most simple anomaly-free HS: three chiral superfields S, H +, H charged under U(1) h superpotential: W λ S SH +H (assume MSSM in visible sector) consider gravity mediation gauge med. in [Morrissey, Poland, Zurek 09] gravitino is not the LSP DM can consist of stable hidden sector particle is either Majorana or Dirac fermion hidden gauge symmetry breaking: radiatively through running induced by visible sector [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
35 Hidden Dark Matter Supersymmetric Model Radiative breaking running of Yukawa coupling λ S induces breaking choose masses & couplings at high scale [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
36 Hidden Dark Matter Supersymmetric Model Radiative breaking running of Yukawa coupling λ S induces breaking choose masses & couplings at high scale Majorana fermion Ψ M : total & subdominant DM axial coupling generates SD scattering minor SI scattering (Higgs Portal cm 2 ) χ m γ [GeV] SD in reach of experiments 0.1 κ 10 SI bejond reach σ SI ] SD 2 σ SD [cm 2 ] p SI [cm2 σ n SD [cm 2 ] p SD Ψ M Ψ M Ψ M SIMPLE XENON100 PICASSO COUPP m DM [GeV] SD CDMS Zeplin XENON10 XENON100 SD CDMS XENON10 XENON100 XENON100 SI [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
37 Hidden Dark Matter Supersymmetric Model Visible sector induced breaking via effective Fayet-Iliopoulos term assume gravitino heavier than HS [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
38 Hidden Dark Matter Supersymmetric Model Visible sector induced breaking via effective Fayet-Iliopoulos term assume gravitino heavier than HS Majorana & Dirac fermion as DM Ψ M : mostly SD (like rad. breaking) Ψ D : mostly SI (like Toy-Model, but m Ψ < m γ ) χ 0.1 κ m γ [GeV] σ SI ] SD 2 σ SD [cm 2 ] p SI [cm2 σ n SD [cm 2 ] p SD XENON100 PICASSO SIMPLE Ψ M COUPP SD Ψ M CDMS Zeplin XENON10 XENON100 SD DAMIC Ψ D CDMS XENON10 XENON100 XENON100 SI Ψ M m DM [GeV] SI probe Ψ D SD probe Ψ M [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
39 Hidden Dark Matter Supersymmetric Model χ Visible sector induced breaking via effective Fayet-Iliopoulos term assume gravitino heavier than HS Majorana & Dirac fermion as DM Ψ M : mostly SD (like rad. breaking) Ψ D : mostly SI (like Toy-Model, but m Ψ < m γ ) κ m γ [GeV] m γ [GeV] χ σ SI ] SD 2 σ SD [cm 2 ] p SI [cm2 σ n SD [cm 2 ] p SD XENON100 PICASSO SIMPLE Ψ M COUPP SD Ψ M CDMS Zeplin XENON10 XENON100 SD DAMIC Ψ D CDMS XENON10 XENON100 XENON100 SI Ψ M m DM [GeV] SI probe Ψ D SD probe Ψ M [SA, Goodsell, Ringwald 11] Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
40 Conclusions Outline 1 Motivation and Introduction 2 Electron Beam Dump Experiments 3 Hidden Dark Matter 4 Conclusions Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
41 Conclusions Conclusions hidden sector well motivated, in many BSM scenarios hidden photons as dark force need high intensity experiments, e.g. beam dumps constrained and currently further explored dark matter in HS viable as total & subdominant DM with potential for DD SUSY models with gravity mediation yield Majorana or Dirac fermion as viable DM candidates Sarah Andreas (DESY) Hidden Photons & Dark Matter PEB Workshop, / 18
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