P R E V E N T I O N, D E T E C T I O N A N D C O N T R O L O F S A L M O N E L L A I N P O U L T R Y
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1 C H A P T E R P R E V E N T I O N, D E T E C T I O N A N D C O N T R O L O F S A L M O N E L L A I N P O U L T R Y Article Introduction This chapter provides recommendations on the prevention, detection and control of Salm o n e ll a in p oultry. Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne bacterial dise ase s in the world. The great majority of Salm o nella infec tions in humans are foodborne with Salm one lla Enteritidis and Salm onella Typhimurium accounting for a major part of the problem. Salm onella serotypes and prevalence may vary considerably between localities, districts, regions and countries and therefore, su rv e ill an c e and identification of the prevalent Sa lm o n e ll a serotypes in humans and p o u lt ry should be carried out in order to develop a control programme for the area. In most food animal species, Salm o n e ll a can establish a clinically inapparent in fe c t io n of variable duration, which is significant as a potential zo o n o si s. Such a n im als may beimportant in relation to the spread of infec tion between floc ks and as causes of human foodborne infec t ion. In the latter case, this can occur when m e at and eggs, or their products, enter the food chain thus producing contaminated food. Article Purpose and scope This chapter deals with methods for on farm prevention, detection and control of Salm o n e ll a in p o u l try, and complements the Codex Alimentarius Code of Hygiene Practice for Meat (CAC/RCP ) and Code of Hygienic Practice for Eggs and Egg Products (CAC/RCP ). A pathogen reduction strategy at the farm level is seen as the first step in a continuum that will assist in reducing the presence of foodborne pathogens in eggs and m e at. Hygiene and biosecurity procedures to be implemented in po u ltr y fl o c ks and hatcheries are described in Chapter 6.4. on hygiene and biosecurity procedures in p o u l try production. The recommendations presented in this chapter are relevant to the control of all Salm o n e l la with special attention to S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, as these are common Sa lm on ella serotypes in many countries. It should be noted that the epidemiology of animal and human salmonellosis in a particular locality, district, region or country is important for effective control of Salm o n e l la. Article Definitions (for this chapter only) Breeders: means po ultr y destined for the production of fertile eggs for incubation for the purpose of producing d ay -old bird s OIE - Terrestrial Animal Health Code 1
2 Competitive exclusion: means the administration of defined or undefined bacterial flora to p o u l try to prevent gut colonisation by enteropathogens, including Salm o n e ll a. Culling: means the depopulation of a flo c k before the end of its normal production period. Layers: means po u l try during the period of laying eggs for human consumption. Article Surveillance of poultry flocksfor Salmonella Where justified by risk assessm ent, sur v eillan c e should be carried out to identify infected floc ks in order to take measures that will reduce the prevalence in po u ltr y and the risk of transmission of Salm o n e l la to humans. Sampling methods, frequency and type of samples required should be determined by the Vete rin ary Serv ic es based on a r isk a ssessm e nt. Microbiological testing is preferred to serological testing because of its higher sensitivity in broiler flo c ks and higher specificity in breeders and layer fl o c ks. In the framework of regulatory programmes for the control of Sa lm o n e ll a in po u l try and salmonellosis in humans, confirmatory testing may be required to exclude false positive or negative results. Sampling 1. Available methods for sampling Drag swabs: sampling is done by dragging swabs throughout the po u ltry building. Boot swabs: sampling is done by walking throughout the p o u l try building with absorbent material placed over the footwear of the sampler. Dust samples: sampling is done by collecting equipment in the po u ltry building. dust from exhaust fans, screens and other Faecal samples: multiple fresh faecal/caecal samples collected from different areas in the po u ltry building. Meconium, chick box papers, dead in shell and culled chicks at the hatchery. Hatchery samples: throughout the hatchery, including inside the incubators. 2. Sample size Refer to the Ter rest ria l Ma nual (under development). 3. Laboratory methods Refer to the Ter rest ria l Ma nual (under development). 4. Time and frequency of testing Time and frequency of sampling for each po u ltry type are listed below: a) Breeders and hatcheries i) Breeder flocks before lay - Before the end of the first week of life when the status of the breeding farm and the hatchery is not known or does not comply with this chapter. - Within the four weeks before being moved to another house, or before going into production if the birds will remain in the same house for the production period OIE - Terrestrial Animal Health Code
3 - One or more times during the growing period if there is a culling policy in place. The frequency would be determined on commercial considerations. ii) Breeder flocks in lay - At least at monthly intervals during the laying period. - Additional testing should be determined by the Ve t e rin ary Se r v ic e s. iii) Hatcheries - Testing at hatcheries should complement on farm testing. - The minimal frequency should be determined by the Ve t e rin ary Se r v ic e s. b) Poultry for the production of eggs for human consumption i) Flocks grown to be layers - Before the end of the first week of life when the status of the breeding farm and the hatchery is not known or does not comply with this chapter. - Within the four weeks before being moved to another house, or before going into production if the birds will remain in the same house for the production period. - One or more times during the growing period if there is a culling policy in place. The frequency would be determined by commercial considerations. ii) Layer flocks - At expected peak of lay for each production cycle (the period of time in the laying cycle when the production of the flo c k is highest). - One or more times if there is a culling policy in place or if eggs are diverted to processing for the inactivation of the pathogen. The minimal frequency should be determined by the Vet erin ary Ser v ic e s. c) Poultry for the production of meat i) Flo c ks should be sampled at least once before slaughter. ii) iii) When sampling occurs on farms and when there is a long period (2 weeks or more) between thinning and final depopulation, further testing should be considered. When sampling occurs on farms, flo c ks should be sampled as late as possible before the first birds are transported to the slau g hte r ho u se. In order to allow for the implementation of control measures during processing, this should be done at a time that ensures the results are available before slau ghte r. Whether sampling occurs on the farm which is more appropriate for consequent control measures or at the processing plant, there should be an integrated system in place which allows for investigation of the source of positive fl o c ks. d) Empty building testing Bacteriological monitoring of the efficacy of di sin f e c ti o n procedures is recommended when Sa lm o nella have been detected in the previous flo c k. As appropriate, sampling of equipment and surfaces as well as boot swabs or drag swabs of the empty building after depopulation, cleaning and di sin fe c t io n OIE - Terrestrial Animal Health Code 3
4 Results from su rv e illa n c e may lead to the implementation of additional prevention and control measures to reduce the risk of transmission of Salm onella to humans: 1. In breeders, control measures may be implemented to reduce the transmission of Salm o n e l la to the next generation, especially for trans-ovarian transmitted serotypes such as S. Enteriditis. 2. In layer f lo c ks control measures will reduce and may eliminate contamination of eggs with Salm one lla. 3. In po u ltry for m e a t production, control measures may be implemented at sla u ght e r or further down the food chain. Article Prevention and control measures Salm o n e l la prevention and control may beachieved by adopting Good Agricultural Practices and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), and general measures detailed in Chapter 6.4. on hygiene and biosecurity procedures in po u ltr y production, in combination with the following additional measures, where appropriate. No single measure used alone will achieve effective Salm onella control. Additional prevention and control measures include vaccination, competitive exclusion, flo c k culling, organic acids and product diversion to processing. Antimicrobials should not be used to control infe c tio n with Sa lm on ella in po ultr y because the effectiveness of the treatment is limited, may mask the in fe c t io n at sampling, has the potential to produce residues in m e at and eggs and can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobials may also reduce normal flora in the gut and increase the likelihood of colonisation with Sa lm o n e lla. In special circumstances antimicrobials may be used to salvage birds with high genetic value. 1. Day -old b ird s used to stock a p oultry house should be obtained from breeding floc ks and hatcheries that have been monitored according to this chapter and in which no evidence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium has been detected. 2. Layer and breeder f lo c ks should be stocked from flo c ks that have been monitored according to this chapter and in which no evidence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium has been detected. 3. Feed contamination with Salm onella is known to be a source of in fec tion for p oult ry. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor the Salm one lla status of poultry feed, and if found positive to take corrective measures. The use of heat treated feeds or feeds subjected to other bacteriostatic or bactericidal treatment is recommended (e.g. organic acids). Feed should be stored in clean closed containers to prevent access by wild birds and rodents. Spilled feed should be cleaned up immediately to remove attractants for wild birds and rodents. 4. Competitive exclusion may be used in day -o ld bi rds to reduce colonisation by Salm o n e ll a. When used, competitive exclusion should be administered according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer and in accordance with the standards and recommendations of the Vet erin ary Ser v ic e s. 5. Vaccines are used against Salm o n e l la i n fe c tio n s caused by different serotypes in various po u ltry species, including single or combined vaccines. Vaccines produced according to the Ter rest ria l Ma nual should be used OIE - Terrestrial Animal Health Code
5 If live vaccines are used, it is important that field and vaccine strains be easily differentiated in the laboratory. If serology is used as the su rv e ill an c e method, it may not be possible to distinguish between vaccination and in f e c ti o n with a field strain. Vaccination can be used as part of an overall Sa lm o n e lla control programme. It is recommended that vaccination not beused as the sole control measure. When the status of the breeding farm and the hatchery from which the fl o c k originates is not known or does not comply with this chapter, vaccination of fl o c ks, starting with d ay -o ld bir ds, against the Sa lm o n e ll a serotypes known to be significant should be considered. Vaccination against the Sa lm o n e lla serotypes known to be significant should be considered when moving day -o l d bi rds to a previously contaminated shed so as to minimise the risk of the birds contracting Salm one lla infe c tio n. When used, vaccines should be administered according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer and in accordance with the standards and recommendations of the Ve te rin a ry Ser v ic e s. Vaccination against S. Enteritidis can cause cross-reactions in Salm o n e l la Pullorum/ S.Gallinarum serological tests and needs to be considered when implementing measures for these pathogens. 6. Depending on animal health, risk a sse ssm e n t, and public health policies, culling is an option to manage infected breeder and layer flo c ks. Infected flo c ks should be destroyed or slaughtered and processed to minimise human exposure to Salm one lla. If po u ltry are not culled, eggs for human consumption should be diverted for processing for inactivation of Salm one lla. 7. S. Enteritidis is characterised by its ovarian transmission pattern. Countries should set targets for eradicating (or significantly reducing) Sa lm o n e ll a Enteritidis from egg-producing flo c ks through a guided policy for eradication from the top of the production pyramid, i.e. from grandparent flo c ks through breeder floc ks to layer floc ks. 8. The responsible v et erin arian should evaluate the results of surv e illa nc e testing for Salm onella and supervise the implementation of appropriate control measures. This information should be available to the v e te rin a rian before marketing if a veterinary certificate for flo c k Salm one lla status is required. When required by the Com pet ent Autho rity, the v e terinarian or other person responsible for notification should notify the C o m pe t e n t Au t ho ri ty if the presence of Salm one lla of the relevant serotype is confirmed. Article Prevention of Salmonella spread from infected flocks If a f lo c k is found infected with specific Sa lm o n e lla serotypes of concern, the following actions should be taken in addition to general measures detailed in Chapter 6.4. on hygiene and biosecurity procedures in p o u l try production: 1. According to the epidemiological situation, investigations should be carried out to determine the origin of the infec tion. 2. Movement of p o u lt ry flo c ks at the end of the production cycle should only be allowed for sla u ght e r or destruction. Special precautions should be taken in the transport, slau g hte r and processing of the birds, e.g. they could be sent to a separate slau g hte r ho u se or processed at the end of a shift before cleaning and disinfe c tion of the equipment OIE - Terrestrial Animal Health Code 5
6 3. Litter should not be reused. Po u ltry litter/faeces and other potentially contaminated farm waste should be disposed of in a safe manner to prevent the direct or indirect exposure of humans, livestock and wildlife to Salm o n e l la. Particular care needs to be taken in regard to po u ltry litter/faeces used to fertilise plants intended for human consumption. If litter is not removed then it should be treated in a manner to inactivate infectious agents, to prevent the spread from one flo c k to the next. 4. Particular care should be taken in cleaning and d isin fe c tio n of the p o u l try house and equipment. 5. Before restocking the facility, a bacteriological examination should becarried out as detailed in this chapter and the Ter rest ria l Ma nual. Article Recommendations for importation of live poultry (other than day-old birds) Vete rina ry Autho rities should require the presentation of an int erna tion al v eter ina ry c ertific a te attesting that: 1. the po ultr y originated from an esta blishm e nt that participates in a Sa lm on ella su rv eillan c e programme in accordance with the recommendations in Article ; 2. the p o u l try originated from an e st abli shm e n t in which no evidence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium has been detected prior to shipment and have had no contact with birds or other material from est ablishm ents that do not comply with this chapter; 3. the po u ltry originated from an e st abli shm e n t that complies with the recommendations of Chapter 6.4. Article Recommendations for importation of day-old birds Vete rina ry Autho rities should require the presentation of an int erna tion al v eter ina ry c ertific a te attesting that: 1. the day -o ld bi rds showed no clinical signs of salmonellosis on the day of shipment; 2. the day -o ld b irds originated from a breeder e stab lishm e n t and hatchery that participate in a Sal m o n e lla su rv e illa n c e programme in accordance with the recommendations in Article ; 3. the day -o ld bir ds originated from a breeder e stabl ishm e n t and hatchery in which no evidence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium has been detected and have had no contact during setting, incubation or hatching with hat c hin g e ggs or other material from an e st abli shm e n t that do not comply with this chapter; 4. the day -old birds originated from a breeder esta blishm en t and hatchery that complies with the recommendations of Chapter 6.4.; 5. the day -old birds were shipped in new and clean c onta iner s OIE - Terrestrial Animal Health Code
7 Article Recommendations for importation of hatching eggs Vete rina ry Autho rities should require the presentation of an int erna tion al v eter ina ry c ertific a te attesting that: 1. the ha tc hing eggs originated from a breeder est ablishm ent that participates in a Salm onella sur v eillan c e programme in accordance with the recommendations in Article ; 2. the hatc hin g e gg s originated from a breeder e sta bli shm e n t in which no evidence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium has been detected and have had no contact with po u ltr y or other material from est ablishm ents that do not comply with this Chapter; 3. the hatc hin g e gg s originated from a breeder e stab lish m e n t that complies with the recommendations of Chapter 6.4.; 4. the hat c hin g e ggs were shipped in new and clean packaging materials OIE - Terrestrial Animal Health Code 7
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