Robert Kramer, Ph.D. Director, Energy Efficiency and Reliability Center NiSource Professor of Energy and the Environment

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1 Robert Kramer, Ph.D. Director, Energy Efficiency and Reliability Center NiSource Professor of Energy and the Environment

2 Develop new options and advances in energy efficiency, reliability, utilization, processes, and technologies. Reduce energy costs & enhance economic and strategic viability. Help attract new businesses and jobs. Enhance economic development. Reduce environmental emissions and costs. Enhance energy supply options. Promote energy education and energy engineering as a career option

3 Energy system optimization Increase the Usage of Indiana Coal Renewable Resources Electric System Reliability and Quality Advanced Combined Heat and Power Systems Energy Education and Career Development Energy Audits for Businesses and Industry Fast Response Heat Storage Commercialization Efforts Collaboration: Purdue Lafayette, NREL, Univ. Denver, Ivy Tech, CCTR, LORRE, Lafayette Energy Center, Albany State, New York Technological Univ.

4 Wireless Energy Monitoring, Control and Optimization: Installation of wireless monitoring and control and associated research on building energy efficiency optimization. Highly Varying Load Coordination: Methods to coordinate large industrial loads to reduce electric transmission system transients and improve electric system reliability and quality. Coal Gasification/Liquification; Research and development of models for appraisal and design of processes for optimized production of coke, gas, and liquid transportation fuels from Indiana (or Illinois Basin) coal. Reduce environmental emissions. Multipurpose coke plant: Utilization of various coals to produce coke for the steel industry and associated utilization Biological Production of Hydrogen: Research and development of process to produce electricity from a fuel cell or reciprocating engine fueled with hydrogen produced biologically from food or other waste. Electric System Reliability Scope: Improve electric transmission system reliability Renewable Energy Systems Energy Storage Options and Systems Energy Surveys: Conduct various energy surveys and perform recommendations to improve energy value and efficiency. Experiential Education. Ga-Al H Production: Production of hydrogen from aluminum water system. Nuclear Power Analysis: Provide technical support to assist in update of US nuclear power industry analytic & computational capabilities. Smart Grid Advanced Design: Study to consider methods to regulate loads and increase electric transmission reliability, capability, and efficiency. Energy Analysis and Design for Sulfur Dioxide Reformer. New Energy Laboratory Energy System Design. Develop and design an industrial energy efficiency system.

5 Provide the following: Education that allows both conventional and continuing students to develop expertise in the energy field. A source of qualified workers to meet current and future needs in the energy field. Experiential techniques to maximize the value of energy education. Advanced technology to enhance learning.

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7 Provide a renewable energy source to further goals for development of a hydrogen energy economy Use biological organisms to produce hydrogen from waste using anaerobic process Use solar energy to preprocess the feed material Produce electricity in remote locations with the produced hydrogen used in either a fuel cell or reciprocating engine Consider ways to produce fertilizer Possibly separate/sequester carbon dioxide by use of organometallic nano catalysis

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10 Comparison of H Production for Previous and Current Method

11 Source: SunCoke Company, Knoxville, Tennessee,

12 Currently there is a shortfall of 5.50 million tons of coke per year in the United States. Shortfall is being filled by imports, mainly from China and, to a lesser extent, from Japan. The result is high volatility in coke prices and a general trend to dramatic price increases. Coke FOB to a Chinese port in January 2004 was priced at $60/ton, but rose to $420/ton in March 2004 and in September 2004 was $220/ton.

13 Recent Coke Price Volatility The market price of coke has varied from $130 to $800/ton recently. This means that there is a need to be able to mitigate the consequences of this type of price fluctuation. How can we leverage the investment (sunk and opportunity cost) in coke production to produce other value when the market price of coke drops significantly? Need to be able to optimize value over multiple market segments.

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15 FT Plant Cost Breakdown Coal & Slurry Preparation 8% Gasifier & Cleanup 54 % FT Process 19 % Balance of Plant 19% Source: DOE/NETL-2007/1260, Baseline Technical and Economic Assessment of a Commercial Scale Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Facility

16 Pyrolysis Test Apparatus

17 Washed Coal Sample Analysis Individual Coals Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Blend A Blend B Total Moisture Ash (%) Volatile Sulfur HV(BTU/lb) Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen by difference Initial Ash Deformation Temperature ( F) > > FSI Reflectance (%) Total Inerts (%) Total Reactives (%) Liptinite (%) Fluidity Softening Temp ( C) Solidification Temp( C) Temp. Range ( C) Temp. at Max. Fluidity ( C) Max Fluidity ddpm 26 60, Blend A contains 35% HV and 65% LV Blend B contains 50% HV and 50% LV

18 Sample 1 Test Results

19 Process FLow Coke to Blast Furnace Coke Oven Coke Oven Gas Gas Cleanup (See Detail) Fischer Tropsch Fischer Tropsch Fuels Waste Gas and Heat Fertilizer Methane and Hydrogen Steam Boiler Turbine Electricity (internal and to grid)

20 Process Value Streams Coke Cost Reduction Electricity Blended Coal Fischer Tropsch Liquid Transportation Fuel (military and other applications) Fertilizer

21 Ft technology

22 Product Values 700 lbs Coke ($150-$800/ton) Heating Electricity 30% min 1 Ton Coal 12,000 ft 3 Gas (STP) Fischer Tropsch Liquid Transportation Fuel ( bbl) Tar 20% Fertilizer (ammonium sulfate)

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24 GaAl Water H Production

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27 Time Period Electric Use Natural Gas Use Natural Gas Use Total Energy HDD kwh/hdd (kwh) (Therms) (kwh) (kwh) January February January February January February

28 PUC Garage

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30 Winter savings: 38% Summer savings: 48%

31 Robert Kramer, Ph.D. Director, Energy Efficiency and Reliability Center