Concrete Durability And the Value of Electrical Testing
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1 Purdue University School of Civil Engineering Concrete Durability And the Value of Electrical Testing Robert Spragg, Tommy Nantung, Tony Zander and Jason Weiss, Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 1 of 45
2 Outline Background Basic Terms Background Why Measure Electrical Properties Background What Influences the Results Background Important Outside Influences Conditioning Test Kit -- Proceq Resipod Test Methods Uniaxial Surface Using the spreadsheet Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 2 of 45
3 Starting with Basic Terms I want to start todays discussion with a few basic terms that we will use to make sure everyone is on the same page Electrical Resistance Electrical Resistivity Electrical Conductance Electrical Conductivity All Terms are Related and We Want to Be Clear Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 3 of 45
4 Ohms Law For a wide variety of materials have a relationship between voltage and current that are directly proportional to each other Proportionality constant Named after Georg Ohm (1827) Actually Discovered by Cavendish ( ) A professor who preached such heresies was unworthy to teach science Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 4 of 45
5 Resistance Is resistance a material property? L Voltage R A V=IR Current Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 5 of 45
6 Resistivity Independent of Geometry RA L Copper 1.68 x 10-8 ohm m Carbon 3 (60) x 10-5 ohm m Glass 1 (10000) x 10 9 ohm m Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 6 of 45
7 Inverse of Resistivity The inverse of resistivity is conductivity (s) 1 s L RA Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 7 of 45
8 Uniaxial Test Geometry ρ = R A L Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 8 of 45
9 OK Now What So we measure resistance and compute a resistivity that is geometry independent But why are we doing this Said simply who cares or why should we care about the electrical resistivity of the concrete Simply said resistivity is related to durability but how is this the case We will see math but I want to look at the concept not the math Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 9 of 45
10 Durability Related to Transport Concrete protects steel from deicing salts Deicing Salt Cover Reinforcing Bar Salt can be absorbed or can diffuse in the pores and when it reaches the rebar it can depassivate the steel and cause corrosion Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 10 of 45
11 How Long Does it Take Chloride to Reach the Bar The chloride will migrate to the bar over time How long does it take to reach a critical level Depends on the quality of the concrete and the depth of the reinforcement Chloride At the Bar Critical Value Time Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 11 of 45
12 Durability Related to Transport Concrete protects steel from deicing salts Deicing Salt 1 erf x 4Dt = Cx Co Cs Co Cover Reinforcing Bar x distance from surface t is time C is the chloride concentration D is a material property that describes the diffusion rate Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 12 of 45
13 Simply Said Higher D causes ions to move faster High w/c (high porosity) High paste content Lower D causes ions to move slower Lower w/c Supplementary SCM The Diffusion Coefficient is Difficult, Time Consuming and Costly to Obtain Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 13 of 45
14 Diffusion Coefficient D is Related to Electrical Properties of Concrete Using the Nernst-Einstein Eqn. σ Sample σ Fluid = D D ion = ρ Fluid ρ Sample D=σ Sample D ion = 1 ρ σ Fluid ρ Fluid D ion Sample D=σ Sample Constant Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 14 of 45
15 Concrete as a Porous Material Which phases influence transport Aggregate Typ. low porosity and low transport Paste - Transport occurs Hydration products, vapor, and fluid Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 15 of 45
16 Where Do Pores Come From Initially cement is the particles in the space and the water is the porosity Over time cement reacts and the porosity fills in (densifies) The porosity (f) is related to the w/c f Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 16 of 45
17 Power s Model for Paste Fractions Capillary Pores Gel Water Unhydrated Cement Hydrated Solid Capillary Porosity Transport is largely driven by the capillary pores Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 17 of 45
18 Volume Proportions (%) Volume of Paste Phases (Sealed - Maximum Hydration) Water-to-Cement Ratio Higher w/c, more capillary pores, higher permeability Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 18 of 45
19 s Approximate Approach (Technically Not Correct but) The porosity can be fluid or vapor If the concrete is saturated the porosity is fluid filled Lets assume that all the phases of concrete are conductive, we can assume that the sample is the weighted average of the product of phase fractions (f) and the connectivity (b) of the phase fractions sample s f Fluidt O b fb Fluid Fluid O F s Solid Solid Solid s Vapor Vapor Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 19 of 45 f b f b Vapor
20 Mechanism of Electrical Conduction Solid phase (Cement, CSH, CH, ); 1/ sol 10-9 S/m (Rajabipour 2006 based on results of Hammond and Robson 1955) - - Solid - - Vapor Liquid phase (pore solution); 1/ liq 1 S/m to 20 S/m (Christensen 1993) Liquid Vapor phase (air voids, emptied pores); 1/ vap S/m Air Agg Cem CSH Pore fluid (Aplin 2005) s sample s Fluid f Fluid b Fluid s Solid f Solid b Solid s Vapor f Vapor b S/m Vapor Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 20 of 45
21 Mechanism of Electrical Conduction Solid phase (Cement, CSH, CH, ); 1/ sol 10-9 S/m (Rajabipour 2006 based on results of Hammond and Robson 1955) - - Solid - - Vapor Liquid phase (pore solution); 1/ liq 1 S/m to 20 S/m (Christensen 1993) Liquid Vapor phase (air voids, emptied pores); 1/ vap S/m Air Agg Cem CSH Pore fluid (Aplin 2005) s sample s Fluid f Fluid b Fluid s Solid f Solid b Solid s Vapor f Vapor b S/m Vapor Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 21 of 45
22 Mechanism of Electrical Conduction Solid phase (Cement, CSH, CH, ); 1/ sol 10-9 S/m (Rajabipour 2006 based on results of Hammond and Robson 1955) Liquid phase (pore solution); 1/ liq 1 S/m to 20 S/m (Christensen 1993) Vapor phase (air voids, emptied pores); 1/ vap S/m (Aplin 2005) - - Solid Vapor Liquid - + s s sample Fluid f Fluid b Fluid O F Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 22 of 45 t O fb
23 What to we know Conductivity/Resistivity is related to ρ c = ρ o 1 φβ The properties of the fluid (electrolyte) ( o) Contains free ions -electrically conductive Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HPO42-, HCO3 The Volume of the Pores (f) The connectedness of the pores (b) Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 23 of 45
24 Other Electrical Measurements Existing Standards: ASTM C1202 / AASHTO T277 V IRh Q Idt 0 6 Q = 0 6h 1 ρ Vk dt ACI Concrete Knowledge center Limitations: Expensive equipment Time consuming Heating effect Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 24 of 45
25 Saturation Function, f(s) A Comment on Temperature and Moisture w/c = 0.50 Experimental Data VCCTL Simulation Degree of Saturation, (S) Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 25 of 45
26 Relationship to w/c Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 26 of 45
27 Simple Summary Resistivity Independent of Geometry Resistivity is related to Speed of Ions (Cl-) Moving in Concrete (Diffusion Coefficient) Resistivity is related to the volume of the pores and the connectedness of the pores One needs to think about pore solution One needs to keep in mind - test influenced by moisture (drying) or temperature changes The benefit its fast and its non destructive Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 27 of 45
28 Testing Devices in Indiana Components Being Used Conventionally While there are a few manufacturers we will use Resipod today Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 28 of 45
29 Resipod Power Button Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 29 of 45
30 Resipod Calibration Calibration -> Easy to do and needed to check results Battery -> The Resipod should be put on the charger at least once a month. Incorrect readings will show up even before low battery warning Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 30 of 45
31 Uniaxial Resistivity ρ = R A L Benefits Less Impact of Conditioning Less Geometry Effects Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 31 of 45
32 Uniaxial Resistivity Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 32 of 45
33 Uniaxial Measure Top & Bottom Sponge Additional Resistance: We can correct for these! Contact Weight: Resistance Loss Top Sponge Bottom Sponge Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 33 of 45
34 Uniaxial Measure Sample Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 34 of 45
35 Uniaxial Interpretation Resipod automatically makes a few corrections 1.8 kω A L = 1.8 kω 4cm 7. 2kΩ cm 2πa = cm = 24 cm 43.2 kω cm 24 cm = 1.8 kω For a 4x8 cylinder: A L = π (4 2.54)2 cm 2 (8 2.54) cm = 4cm These steps are done automatically by the excel program described and available on the take-home discs Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 35 of 45
36 Uniaxial Spreadsheet Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 36 of 45
37 Surface Resisitivity ρ = V I 2πa k Easy Test Benefits Drawbacks Surface Effects Secondary Geometry Effects Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 37 of 45
38 Surface Originally for use in soil surveys infinite half-space Use in concrete cylinders shows add l geometry influence ρ = V I 2πa For a 4x8, d/a = 2.7 L/a = 5.3 ρ = V I 2πa k Morris, 1996 Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 38 of 45
39 Lines are 90 degrees Surface Mark Specimen Helps to get a more representative measurement Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 39 of 45
40 Surface Measure Sample Take 2 measurements for each set of marks Ensure good contact on the cylinder Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 40 of 45
41 Surface Interpretation ρ = V I 2πa k 11.0 kω cm k = 11.0 kω cm 1.9 Resipod automatically applies "2πa 5. 9kΩ cm This is dependent on geometry, a good first approximation for a 4x8 cylinder: k = 1.9 These steps are done automatically by the excel program described and available on the take-home discs Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 41 of 45
42 Surface Spreadsheet Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 42 of 45
43 Spreadsheet Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 43 of 45
44 Conditioning Volume of solution surrounding is important For standardization, we are recommending: 3 4x8s in a 5 gal. bucket of saturated lime water Samples are covered by 1.5 inches of lime water Sol / Samp = 2.0 Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 44 of 45
45 Hands-on We have 3 stations for hands-on We will practice: Surface Testing Uniaxial Testing Calibrating Equipment Marking Samples Filling out spreadsheet Road School Electrical Resistivity Spragg, Nantung, Zander and Weiss Slide 45 of 45
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