AIR QUALITY IN PARIS REGION 2012

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1 AIR QUALITY IN PARIS REGION 212 Summary March 213

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3 AIR QUALITY IN THE PARIS REGION 212 Summary March 213 This report is an English summary of the annual report on ambient air quality in the Paris region. It gives an overview of the concentrations for the European Union regulated pollutants during year 212. The complete report in French can be downloaded at Air quality complete data in the Paris region can be found on AIRPARIF website Annual pollution maps are available at All data, reports and studies made by AIRPARIF are publicly available. Full and free access is granted on AIRPARIF website. Any use of part of this report should mention AIRPARIF Air quality Assessment Network in the Paris Region. Cover illustration: roadside monitoring site Boulevard périphérique Est (photo AIRPARIF) Contact us AIRPARIF - Air quality assessment network in the Paris region 7 rue Crillon 754 PARIS Phone Fax Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 1

4 I. Key facts for 212 Year 212 confirms the overall stability of chronic pollution levels by particles, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and benzene. These pollutants remain an issue in Ile-de-France regionwith quality objectives and limit values frequently and substantially exceeded. In 212, weather conditions were characterized by a strong variability. During the first three months, weather conditions were not favourable for atmospheric pollution: an intense cold wave in February, followed by a very dry and sunny period in March. Therefore, the number of pollution episodes during that time was important. The rest of the year was characterized by a cool and rainy summer, except a late heat wave in August, and a mild and rainy autumn, leading to low pollution levels. Mean levels in 212 were slightly lower than those in 211, but were still higher than those recorded in 28. From one year to another, the variations of meteorological conditions could explain most of the variation of major problematic pollutants levels in the Ile-de-France region. On the other hand, trends over several years reflect the effects of the mitigation measure implementation and the technologic evolutions. Even if the levels were slightly lower than in 211, due to more dispersive weather conditions, 212 confirms the overall stability of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in the greater Paris urban for roadside levels. Away from the traffic, a slight decrease of the levels seems to be confirmed in 212. Along main roads, the levels are in average twice the annual limit value. The limit value is thus largely exceeded over a wide portion of the Ile-de-France road network, as almost 1,6 km of roads are concerned. Levels slightly decrease at most sites in 212. However, other sites are continuously increasing, especially in the surrounding suburban areas. The limit value is also exceeded at background sites, away from the traffic, in the centre of the. All in all, around 3 million Ile-de-France inhabitants were potentially exposed in 212 to NO2 levels exceeding the annual limit value. After a period of stability, a slight decrease of background levels of nitrogen dioxide seems to be observed over the past two years in the. More stringent requirements for low emission vehicles have certainly been a favourable factor, despite the fact that emission standards are based on NOx and not on NO2. However, primary NO2 emissions from dieselpowered vehicles are probably linked to a major issue on the evolution of nitrogen dioxide levels, both at background and at roadside sites. Although the particulate filters that now equip most new diesel vehicles contribute to reduce particulate emissions, those combined with oxidation catalyst contribute to a significant increase in NO2 emissions. As a result, the proportion of NO2 in NOx emissions has been increasing steadily from 1996 to 21, with an indication of stabilization these last two years, as indicated by observations made at roadside sites in Ile-de-France. Daily and annual limit values for PM1 particles are still greatly exceeded on roadside sites. In 212, around 2.4 million inhabitants in the living close to main roads were potentially affected by the PM1 particles exceedance of the daily limit value. This is slightly less than in 211. In 212, weather conditions were characterized by a strong variability: an intense cold wave in February and an average high temperature in March, favourable to PM pollution episodes but also both an early spring and a very rainy autumn. This has led to a lot of exceedances of the 5 daily threshold for PM1, but only in the first four months of the year. Therefore, 212 average levels are overall below 211. For fine particles (PM2.5), in 212, all the 11.7 million inhabitants of Ile-de-France were potentially affected by air quality objective exceedance. levels away from road traffic were, on average, 1.5 higher than the objective and up to three times higher on roadside situations. The 212 limit value was exceeded near major roads, as monitored at the Paris ring-road and A1 highway stations. Concerning ozone levels, every year, the quality objective, is exceeded in all parts of the region, and especially in sub-urban and rural areas. Except a short and late heat wave in August, summer was overall not very sunny. Ozone levels in 212 were rather stable compare to 211, and Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 2

5 much lower than those recorded in 23 and 26, years in which there were long hot spells (historical heatwave in August 23). Benzene levels have, overall, been stable for several years, after a long period of reduction which began at the end of the 199 s. Although the quality objective for background is met everywhere, this is not the case at roadside sites where the national quality objective is exceeded on about 5 km of regional roads. Generally speaking, almost 3, Ile-de-France inhabitants, in the and at roadside situations, are potentially exposed to an exceedance of the annual quality objective for benzene. Concerning pollution episodes, the information and warning procedure was triggered 44 days in 212. This significant important number is due to the modification of the regional alert procedure at the end of 211that set lower thresholds for PM1. Should similar thresholds had been kept, 212 would have been similar to 211. Most of these episodes are due to PM1 (36 days of exceedance of the information warning threshold), mainly occurring during the first four months of the year. The alert threshold has been exceeded 4 times for PM1 in 212. Three exceedances of the information threshold have been recorded for ozone in summer, and only one for nitrogen dioxide. Trend Standards to be met Non-binding standards Limit value Quality objective Target value Away Away Away Away from traffic from traffic from traffic from traffic PM1 Met Exceeded Met Exceeded PM2.5 Met Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Met Exceeded NO 2 Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded O 3 Exceeded Met Benzène Met Met Met Exceeded Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 3

6 II. Pollutants exceeding air quality standards Nitrogen dioxide in brief Nitrogen dioxide remains an important issue in Ile-de-France: in 212, around 3 million inhabitants living in the centre of the were potentially exposed to an exceedance of the annual limit value. Recurrent limit value exceedances are recorded, especially near road traffic. A slight decrease of background levels is observed between 211 and 212 due to weather conditions more favourable to dispersion in 212. But after a significant decrease of background levels since the beginning of the 2 s, concentrations have been overall stable for several years. The main source of nitrogen dioxide remains road traffic. Levels along major roads can be twice higher than the air quality standards. Near road traffic, no improvement is emerging and the increasing proportion of NO2 in NOx emissions from diesel vehicles equipped with oxidation catalyzed particulate filters is leading to a raise of mean NO2 concentrations on some sites. exceedance intensity no exceedance very important > + 5 % important + 3 à + 5 % moderate + 1 à + 3 % light à + 1 % Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) Annual limit value exceedance * Rural Rural background background 23, 27, 29, 21, 211 every year Hourly limit value exceedance * 26 to 211 * considering margins of tolerance decreasing from year to year Concentrations ( ) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Annual limit value Highest monitoring station in 212 in Ile-de-France 41 Limit value 12 outside 18 Raodside Number of hours exceeding Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Hourly limit value (number of hours exceeding the 2 threshold) Highest monitoring station in 212 in Ile-de-France 1 Limit value (18 exceedances) outside 145 Raodside Summary of air quality standards exceedances for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in Ile-de-France Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 4

7 Nitrogen dioxide roadside continuous sites random sampling roadside sites urban and suburban (S) sbackground sites rural background sites specific observation site Zone rurale SE - Forêt de Fontainebleau Zone rurale SO - Forêt de Rambouillet Tour Eiffel 3ème étage Cergy-Pontoise Melun (P) Mantes-la-Jolie (P) Garches Versailles (P) Montgeron Gonesse (P) Tremblay-en-France (P) Lognes Evry Argenteuil Champigny-sur-Marne Villemomble Gennevilliers Cachan Bobigny Vitry-sur-Seine Issy-les-Moulineaux Paris 13ème Saint-Denis Paris 6ème Ivry-sur-Seine Bagnolet La Défense Paris 12ème Paris 7ème Nogent-sur-Marne Aubervilliers Neuilly-sur-Seine Paris Centre (4ème) Paris 18ème RN6 Melun RD91 Sèvres RN186 Choisy-le-Roi RN32 Villemomble RN4 Champigny-sur-Marne Place Vaugirard - Convention RN2 Pantin Rue Bonaparte Avenue des Champs Elysées Autoroute A6a Arcueil Boulevard Haussmann Quai des Célestins Porte de Clignancourt RN2 Montrouge Place de la Bastille RN13 Saint-Germain-en-Laye Place de l'opéra Place Victor Basch Autoroute A1 Saint-Denis RD7 Courbevoie Rue de Rivoli RN2 Montlhéry Boulevard périphérique Auteuil EU Limit value Figure 1: nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) annual mean concentration for all monitoring sites in the Paris region in 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 5

8 UE limit value : 4 Figure 2: nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background and roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 212 kilometres of roads exceeding the NO2 annual limit value * 211* 212* Figure 3: kilometres of main road network exceeding the nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) EU annual limit value in the Paris region, 27 to Surface area (km 2 ) * 211* 212* Figure 4: trend in surface area exceeding the annual limit value (4 in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the Paris region, 27 to 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 6

9 Inhabitants (millions) * 211* 212* Figure 5: millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) level exceeding EU annual limit value in the Paris region, 27 to Figure 6: trend in the nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) tri-annual mean concentration, sample of the same six urban background sites in the Paris, to Figure 7: trend in the nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) tri-annual mean concentration, sample of the same five roadside sites in the Paris, to Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 7

10 3% 25% NO2/NOx (%) 2% 15% 1% 9.% 23.4% 24.% 23.5% 22.4% 21.7% 2.6% 18.7% 16.9% 15.5% 14.% 12.6% 11.3% 1.3% 9.3% 5% % Figure 8: [NO2]/[NOx] ratio trend, averaged roadside sites in the Paris (background level subtracted), 1998 to 212 roadside sites urban and suburban (S) background sites rural background sites specific observation site Tour Eiffel 3ème étage Zone rurale Sud-Ouest - Forêt de Rambouillet Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de Fontainebleau Gonesse (P) Argenteuil Montgeron Versailles (P) Mantes-la-Jolie (P) Melun (P) Lognes Ivry-sur-Seine Champigny-sur-Marne Villemomble Tremblay-en-France (P) Saint-Denis Bobigny Bagnolet Aubervilliers Neuilly-sur-Seine La Défense Issy-les-Moulineaux Gennevilliers Paris 13ème Paris 12ème Paris Centre (4ème) RN6 Melun Evry Paris 18ème Paris 7ème Rue Bonaparte Avenue des Champs Elysées Vitry-sur-Seine Boulevard Haussmann Quai des Célestins Place de l'opéra Autoroute A1 Saint-Denis Place Victor Basch Boulevard périphérique Auteuil EU limit value 18 days of exceedence Figure 9: NO2 annual number of hours exceeding 2 for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 8

11 Particulate matter in brief 2.4 million inhabitants are potentially exposed to an exceedance of the PM1 daily limit value. Recurrent and severe exceedances of PM1 limit value near traffic. PM2.5 background levels are almost twice the quality objective threshold, and 3 times higher near traffic. All the Ile-de-France inhabitants, that is to say 11.7 million people, would be exposed to an exceedance of this threshold. exceedance intensity no exceedance very important > + 5 % important + 3 à + 5 % moderate + 1 à + 3 % light à + 1 % Particulate Matter (PM1) Annual quality objective exceedance Annual limit value exceedance Daily limit value exceedance max station = threshold Rural Rural background background 27, 29 : max site = threshold 27 Particulate Matter (PM2,5) Quality objective exceedance French target value exceedance Limit value (215) exceedance Limit value (211) exceedance Rural background Rural background no measurement no measurement no measurement no measurement 27, 29 non applicable every year PM1 Quality objective and annual limit value Highest monitoring station in 212 in Ile-de-France PM1 Daily limit value (number of days >= 5 ) Highest monitoring station in 212 in Ile-de-France 6 5 Limit value Quality objective Limit value (35 days) 192 Concentrations ( ) Number of days outside Raodside outside Raodside Concentrations ( ) PM2,5 Annual limit value Highest monitoring station in 212 in Ile-de-France Limit value 212 Limit value 215 French target value Quality objective Raodside Summary of air quality standards exceedances for particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5) in Ile-de-France Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 9

12 PM1 Particles roadside sites urban & suburban (S) background sites rural background sites Zone rurale Nord-Ouest - Frémainville Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de Fontainebleau Zone rurale Sud - Bois-Herpin Zone rurale Ouest - Prunay-le-Temple Nogent-sur-Marne Lognes Cergy-Pontoise Issy-les-Moulineaux Tremblay-en-France (S) Gonesse (S) Bobigny Vitry-sur-Seine Paris 18ème La Défense Paris Centre 4ème Gennevilliers RN6 Melun Boulevard Haussmann Place de l'opéra Place Victor Basch Avenue des Champs Elysées RN2 Pantin Boulevard périphérique Auteuil Autoroute A1 Saint-Denis French annual quality objective 3 EU annual limit value Figure 1: PM1 annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in 212 roadside sites urban & suburban (S) background sites rural background sites Lognes Zone rurale Nord-Ouest - Frémainville Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de Fontainebleau Zone rurale Sud - Bois-Herpin Zone rurale Ouest - Prunay-le-Temple Nogent-sur-Marne Paris Centre 4ème Issy-les-Moulineaux Tremblay-en-France (S) Cergy-Pontoise Gonesse (S) Vitry-sur-Seine Bobigny Paris 18ème La Défense Gennevilliers Boulevard Haussmann RN6 Melun Place de l'opéra Avenue des Champs Elysées Place Victor Basch RN2 Pantin Boulevard périphérique Auteuil Autoroute A1 Saint-Denis EU limit value 35 days of exceeding Number of days Figure 11: PM1 annual number of days exceeding the 5 EU threshold for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 1

13 ( ) EU limit value French quality objective Figure 12: PM1 annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background and roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 212 Km of roads exceeding the PM1 daiy limite value * 211* 212* Figure 13: Kilometres of roads exceeding the PM1 daily limit value in the Paris region, 27 to sites average Highest background site Number of days >= * 211* 212* Figure 14: number of days exceeding PM1 5 µg/m3 threshold, average and highest background site Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

14 Surface area (km 2 ) * 211* 212* Figure 15: Trend in surface area exceeding daily limit value in PM1 in the Paris region, 27 to 212 Risk to be over 35 days exceeding 5 µg/m3 PM1 certain exceeding likely exceeding improbable exceeding No risk Figure 16: Risk of exceeding the EU daily limit value in PM1 in the Paris region, background and roadside Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

15 inhabitants (millions) ,2 3, 2,7 1,5 1, * 211* Figure 17: millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to PM1 level exceeding the EU daily limit value in the Paris region, 27 to 211 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

16 PM2.5 Particles roadsite sites urban background sites French quality objective : 1 Gennevilliers 15 Vitry-sur-Seine Bobigny French target value 21 : 2 µg/m3 EU limit value 22 : 2 Paris Centre (4ème) 16 EU limit value 215 : 25 RN6 Melun Boulevard périphérique Auteuil Autoroute A1 Saint- Denis 2 EU limit value 212 : Figure 18: PM2,5 annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in Limit value 212: 27 Limit value 215: 25 Target value Quality objective 1 Figure 19: annual mean concentration of fine particles PM2,5 in the Paris region and focus on Paris and suburbs, background and roadside in 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

17 Ozone in brief Stabilization of the mean levels increase. Many exceedances of the quality objective. They are less important than in 211, despite a short late heat wave in august, because main part of the summer was mild and rainy. exceedance intensity no exceedance very important > + 5 % important + 3 à + 5 % moderate + 1 à + 3 % light à + 1 % Ozone (O 3) Quality objective exceedance (health) Long term objective applicable in 22 (health) Target value exceedance applicable in 212 (health) Quality objective exceedance (vegetation) Long term objective applicable in 22 (vegetation) Rural background Rural background every year every year every year until 26 every year until 26 every year every year Target value exceedance applicable in 212 (vegetation) Ozone (O3) health Quality objective and long-term objective Highest monitoring station in 212 in Ile-de-France Ozone (O3) health Target value Highest monitoring station in 212 in Ile-de-France 5 Quality objective and long-term objective no exceeding day 5 Target value (25 days) 4 4 Number of days Number of days outside outside Ozone (O3) vegetation Quality objective and long-term objective Highest monitoring station in 212 in Ile-de-France Ozone (O3) vegetation Target value Highest monitoring station in 212 in Ile-de-France AOT4 (.h) Quality objective AOT4 (.h) Target value outside outside Summary of air quality standards exceedances for ozone (O3) in Ile-de-France Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

18 Ozone Number of days Quality objective = day Figure 2: number of days exceeding the French quality objective (=EU long-term objective), threshold 12 8-hour mean, objective = no exceeding) for ozone (O 3 ) in the Paris region, 22 to 212 Number of days Paris Rural part of the Paris region EU target value for human health protection 25 days Figure 21: number of days exceeding the threshold of the EU target value for protection of human health (12 8- hour average, not over 25 days of exceeding on a 3 years period) in the Paris region, for the highest monitoring site in urban and rural parts of the region, to Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

19 urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site Paris Centre (4ème) Neuilly-sur-Seine Paris 18ème Zone rurale Est - Saints Melun (S) Garches Zone rurale Ouest - Prunay-le-Temple Paris 13ème Mantes-la-Jolie (S) Montgeron Tremblay-en-France (S) Champigny-sur-Marne Cergy-Pontoise Zone rurale Sud-Ouest - Forêt de Rambouillet Cachan Zone rurale Sud - Bois-Herpin Les Ulis (P) Tour Eiffel 3ème étage Lognes Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de Fontainebleau Villemomble Zone rurale Nord-Ouest - Frémainville Zone rurale Nord-Est - Montgé-en-Goële Zone rurale Nord - Saint-Martin-du-Tertre nr Figure 22: number of days exceeding the threshold of the EU target value for protection of human health (12 8- hour average) in the Paris region (3 years average ) Number of days of exceedence EU target value for protection of human health : 25 days (average over 3 years) urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site Paris Centre (4ème) Neuilly-sur-Seine Paris 18ème Tour Eiffel 3ème étage Zone rurale Ouest - Prunay-le-Temple Melun (S) Mantes-la-Jolie (S) Aubervilliers* Zone rurale Est - Saints Montgeron Champigny-sur-Marne Paris 13ème Garches Tremblay-en-France (S) Gennevilliers* Cachan Cergy-Pontoise Paris 6ème* Zone rurale Nord-Ouest - Frémainville Zone rurale Sud-Ouest -Forêt de Rambouillet Lognes Villemomble Zone rurale Nord-Est - Montgé-en-Goële Les Ulis (P) Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de Fontainebleau Zone rurale Sud - Bois-Herpin Zone rurale Nord - Saint-Martin-du-Tertre nr h EU target value for protection of végétation: 18.h (average over 5 years) Figure 23: target value in ozone for the protection of vegetation (AOT4, threshold of 18.h) in the Paris region (average ) Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

20 urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site Melun (S) Paris 18ème Tour Eiffel 3ème étage Neuilly-sur-Seine Paris Centre (4ème) Zone rurale Est - Saints Paris 13ème Zone rurale Ouest - Prunay-le-Temple Mantes-la-Jolie (S) Garches Cergy-Pontoise Montgeron Tremblay-en-France (S) Champigny-sur-Marne Villemomble Cachan Zone rurale Nord-Ouest - Frémainville Lognes Zone rurale Sud-Est - Forêt de Fontainebleau Zone rurale Sud - Bois-Herpin Zone rurale Nord - Saint-Martin-du-Tertre Zone rurale Nord-Est - Montgé-en-Goële Zone rurale Sud-Ouest - Forêt de Rambouillet Les Ulis (S) nr Long term objective for protection of vegetation: 6.h h Figure 24: long-term objective in ozone (O3) for the protection of vegetation (AOT4, threshold of 6.h) in the Paris region in 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

21 Benzene roadside sites continuous random sampling sites urban and suburban (S) sites continuous random sampling sites Gonesse (S) Paris Centre (4ème) Aubervilliers Vitry-sur-Seine Nogent-sur-Marne Neuilly-sur-Seine Issy-les-Moulineaux Gennevilliers Saint-Denis Paris 18ème RN2 Pantin RN2 Montlhéry Boulevard périphérique Auteuil Boulevard Haussmann RD7 Courbevoie Place de l'opéra Place de la Bastille Place Victor Basch Rue de Rivoli Quality objective: Figure 25: annual mean concentration of benzene in the Paris region in EU limit value: Figure 26: trend in the benzene annual mean concentration on Place Victor Basch Paris roadside monitoring site, 1994 to Figure 27: trend in the benzene tri-annual mean concentration, sample of five to ten urban background sites in the Paris, to Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

22 kilometres of roads exceeding the benzene quality objective * 211* 212* Figure 28: kilometres of main road network exceeding the benzene French quality objective (2 ) in the Paris region, 27 to 212 French quality objective Figure 29: benzene annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background and roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 212 inhabitants (millions) * 211* 212* Figure 3: millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to an exceeding of the benzene French quality objective (2 ) in the Paris region, 28 to 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March 213 2

23 III. Pollutants meeting air quality standards Sulfur dioxide (SO2) roadside sites urban background sites rural background sites Zone rurale Sud-Est -Forêt de Fontainebleau Boulevard périphérique Auteuil 1 1 French quality objective 5 Aubervilliers 1 Neuilly-sur-Seine 2 Vitry-sur-Seine Figure 31: sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 212 Paris site Boulevard périphérique Auteuil Figure 32: trend in the sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) tri-annual mean concentration, changing sample of urban background sites in the Paris and roadside site on Paris ring road, to Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

24 Carbon monoxide (CO) Annual mean Maximum 8-hours mean 1 EU limit value: 1 for the maximum 8 hours mean background sites roadside sites Aubervilliers Boulevard périphérique Auteuil Place Victor Basch Autoroute A1 Saint-Denis Figure 33: carbon monoxide (CO) annual mean and annual maximum 8-hour mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 212 sites - Paris Urban background sites - Paris EU limit value since Figure 34: trend in the carbon monoxide (CO) annual maximum 8-hour mean concentration, urban background sites and roadside sites in the Paris, 1991 to 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

25 Metals (Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium and Nickel) Place Victor Basch (road side) * available data from 7/27/21 to 12/31/21 na : unavailable ** : end of monitoring at road traffic site Place Victor Basch on 12/31/25 Paris (urban background).6.5 EU limit value : French quality objective : na 1992 na * ** Figure 35: trends in the lead annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in Paris, 1991 to 212 Place Victor Basch (roadside) Paris (urban background) 2. EU target value : 6 ng/m ng/m * * available data from 7/27/21 to 12/31/21 Figure 36: trends in the arsenic annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in the Paris region, 1999 to 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March

26 Place Victor Basch (roadside) Paris (urban background) 2. EU target value : 5 ng/m ng/m * * available data from 7/27/21 to 12/31/21 Figure 37: trends in the cadmium annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in the Paris region, 1999 to EU target value : 2 ng/m ng/m Figure 38: nickel annual mean concentration, urban background site in Paris, 27 to 212 Air quality in the Paris region 212: summary - March