AGITATION AND MIXING OF FLUIDS
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1 AGITATION AND MIXING OF FLUIDS Purpose of agitation: intensification of transport processes in agitated batch (heat and mass transfer) preparation of materials of required properties (suspension, emulsion) Examples of industrial applications: blending of two miscible liquids as ethyl alcohol and water dissolving solids in liquids, such as salt in water dispersing a gas in a liquid as fine bubbles, such as oxygen from air in a suspension of microorganisms for fermentation or for the activated sludge process in waste treatment liquid-liquid dispersion, such as dispersion of pigment in solvents suspending of fine solid particles in a liquid, as in catalytic hydrogenation of a liquid agitation of the fluid to increase heat tranfer between the fluid and a coil or jacket in the vessel wall
2 Method of mixing fluids mechanical mixing (rotating, vibrating) hydraulic mixing pneumatic mixing pipeline mixing (turbulent flow, static mixer) A mechanical mixing using turbines B mechanical mixing using blade impellers C hydraulic mixing D pneumatic mixing with stationary inputs E pneumatic mixing with automatic regulation F hydraulic mixing with antifoaming shower
3 Pipeline mixing Reynolds experiments Paul, E. L., Atiemo-Obeng, V. A., Kresta, S. M.: Handbook of industrial mixing: science and practice. Canada: Wiley-Interscience, 003, 1377 p. ISBN
4 Flow in agitated batch a axial-flow pattern, baffled vessel, b radial-flow pattern, baffled vessel, c tangential-flow pattern, unbaffled vessel
5 Equipment for mechanical mixing Design layout of mixing equipments A B C A Centrally placed impeller in bafled vessel, B Side-entring propeller, C Agitator with draught tube Mechanical seal A A Equipment with a drive at the top, B Equipment with a drive at the bottom B
6 Design layout of agitators Close clearance agitator High-speed impeller
7 Maine type of close clearance agitators No. Layout of agitator Name T/d Geometrical parameters 1 Anchor (paddle) agitator CVS ,11 h v / d 0,8 h / d 0,1 H / d 0,055 Helical-screw agitator with draught tube CVS h v / d 1,5 s / d 1 D / d 1,1 H / D 1,15 3 Eccentrically placed helical-screw agitator h v / d 1,5 H / d 0,5 s / d 1 c / T 0,0
8 No. Layout of agitator Name T/d Geometrical parameters 4 Helical-ribbon agitator CVS ,05 h v / d 1 s / d 1 h / d 0,1 5 Leaf agitator CVS h / d 1 6 Multi-stage agitator h / d 0, h v / d 1, c / T 0,0 H / d 0,175
9 Main type of high-speed impellers No. Layout of impeller Name T/d Geometrical parameters 1 Six-blade turbine with disk (Ruschton turbine) CVS h / d 0, 1/ d 0,5 d 1 / d 0,75 6 blades Six-blade open turbine 3 4 h / d 0, 6 blades 3 Pitched six-blade turbine with pitch angle 45 CVS h / d 0,0 45
10 No. Layout of impeller Name T/d Geometrical parameters 4 Pitched three-blade turbine with pitch angle 45 CVS h / d 0, 45 5 Propeller CVS s / d 1 h / d 0, R / d 0,4 R / R 0, High shear stress impeller CVS ,. 4 1 st variant h / d 0,1 d / d 0,8 nd variant h / d 0,075 d / d 0,85
11 Characteristics of mixing system Power consumption of agitator Po P n 3 d 5 Po f Re Re nd creeping flow transition zone of flow turbulent flow Po B const. Po A Re baffled vessel unbaffled vessel
12 Power characteristics of close clearance agitators 1 anchor agitator (CVS ), helical-screw agitator with draught tube (CVS ), 3 eccentrically placed helical-screw agitator, 4 helical-ribbon agitator (CVS ), 5 leaf agitator (CVS ), 6 multi-stage agitator
13 Power characteristics of high-speed impellers operated in baffled vessel 1 six-blade turbine with disk (Ruschton turbine) (CVS ), six-blade open turbine, 3 pitched six-blade turbine with pitch angle 45 (CVS ), 4 Pitched three-blade turbine with pitch angle 45 (CVS ), 5 propeller (CVS ), 6a,b high shear stress impeller (CVS )
14 Blending effect of agitator During homogenization (or blending) of miscible liquids are compensated temperature and concentration differences in agitated batch. Homogenization of miscible liquids: due to recirculation flow (convective diffusion) due to turbulent flow (turbulent diffusion) due to molecular diffusion t n t m f Re t n t m konst. t n t m konst.
15 Homogenization characteristics of agitators t n t m f Re 1 helical-screw agitator with draught tub (CVS ), eccentrically placed helical-screw agitator, 3 helical-ribbon agitator (CVS ), 4 eccentrically placed multi-stage agitator, 5 anchor agitator (CVS ), 6 six-blade turbine with disk (Ruschton turbine) (CVS )
16 E P t m 1 šroubové míchadlo (CVS ), šroubové míchadlo umístěné excentricky, 3 pásové míchadlo (CVS ), 4 čtyřnásobné lopatkové míchadlo umístěné excentricky, 5 kotvové míchadlo (CVS ), 6 turbínové míchadlo (CVS ), 7 šestilopatkové míchadlo (CVS ), 8 třílopatkové míchadlo (CVS )
17 Impellers for dispersing of gas in liquid Impeller power consumption for gas liquid dispersing P g P V nd g f 3
18 Mixing of suspension Po Impeller power consumption for mixing of suspension su P n 3 d 5 Po f Re Re nd su su v s c 1 c v l
19 Fr' Just-suspended impeller speed n d Fr g C Aexp Bc v Fr C D T c c c v 10 1 c v 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,15 0, 0,1 0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 D/T
20 EXAMPLE: Blending efficiency of impellers Select type of high-speed impeller with minimum energetic requirements for continual blending (homogenization) of two miscible liquids A + B ( = 5 mpa s, = 1100 kg m -3 ) with flow rate of mixture 10 l s -1. For suitable degree of homogenization must be residence time of liquids in equipment 5 x longer than blending time. Mixing equipment has standard geometrical configuration (baffled cylindrical vessel with diameter T = 100 mm, T/d = 3.3; H /d = 1, H/T = 1 ). Dimensionless blending time of high-speed impellers in turbulent flow regime Type of impeller T/d H /d n t m Six-blade turbine with disk (Ruschton turbine), CVS Pitched six-blade turbine with pitch angle 45, CVS Pitched three-blade turbine with pitch angle 45, CVS
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