Dispersal and establishment of jewelled geckos following hard and soft releases
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1 Dispersal and establishment of jewelled geckos following hard and soft releases Carey Knox 1 & Jo Monks 2 1 EcoGecko Consultants Ltd. 2 Department of Conservation
2 Outline 2012 data (Knox & Monks, in press) Introduction, methods, results, discussion data Preliminary analyses and results.
3 Introduction Research comparing dispersal of jewelled geckos from softrelease (SR) and hard-release (HR) translocations. Sometimes following translocation individuals may disperse to the point where they are no longer in contact with other individuals. Consequences for population growth and establishment. Soft-release pens aim to habituate animals to the release area, potentially aiding in population establishment.
4 Introduction The advantages and disadvantages of using soft-release pens for lizard translocations have never been scientifically assessed (Germano & Bishop, 2008). Increased/on-going need to move frogs and lizards in New Zealand due to pressure from development (Sherley et al. 2010). Aim to test the relative impacts of SR and HR on dispersal of jewelled geckos through a simultaneous radio-tracking comparison.
5 Jewelled gecko (Naultinus gemmeus) One of 9 species of the long-lived, arboreal, endemic Naultinus geckos. Give birth to ~2 live young (Cree 1994). Habitat: native forest and shrublands. Threat status: at risk, declining (Hitchmough et al. 2013). Individuals can be reliably identified by photo-id (Knox et al. 2013).y photo-id (Knox et al. 2012)
6 Methods 2012 study took place at Orokonui Eco-sanctuary. 0.7g BD2 transmitters used to monitor the movements of 19 jewelled geckos for 3 weeks. Movements recorded 1-2X daily by moving peg, tape measure and compass. We also recorded emergence, weather conditions, vegetation species and perch height. Our research capitalised on translocations for conservation. Hence number of animals and sex ratios were not always balanced between groups.
7 Methods HR group: 9 geckos (3M, 6F) were translocated from Otago Peninsula straight to Orokonui in late September 2012 and then released with transmitters at the HR site. SR group: transmitters attached to 10 geckos (1M, 9F) out of 42 translocated to Orokonui in January SR geckos spent 9 months in a pen. Movements >2m recorded by photo-id. The pen was removed at the start of transmitter monitoring. Both groups of geckos radio-tracked simultaneously.
8 Methods Made the sites as comparable as possible. Similar habitat: both shrubland dominated by C. taylorae with some taller trees e.g. kānuka, Pittosporum tenuflorum. Hard-release and Soft-release sites 200m apart. Geckos released at similar density and spacing between the sites.
9
10 Soft-release pen
11 Results Daily movements averaged 1.61m for the hard-release group and 1.05m for the soft-release group (t1 = 2.18, p = 0.03). Total movements averaged 38m for the hard-release group and 23m for the soft-release group. Soft-release Hard-release
12 Results None of the radio-tracked soft-release geckos moved outside of the pen area despite suitable habitat being available. In contrast, the radio-tracked hard-release geckos moved distances of up to 40m outside of their release area. Average distance from release point at the end of tracking SR = 5m, HR = 15m (t1 = 2.20, p = 0.042). HR geckos increased area occupied by > 4 X.
13 Soft-release monitoring (photo-id) 0-3 months after translocation Some large initial movements. Average = 15.3 m
14 Soft-release monitoring (photo-id) 4-9 months after translocation Large movements become less frequent. Average = 3.4 m
15 Soft-release monitoring (transmitters) AFTER pen removal None of the soft-release geckos with transmitters on moved outside of the pen area, despite the pen being removed.
16 Soft-release monitoring (transmitters and photo-id) AFTER pen removal 5 additional individuals observed by photo-id. One gecko (without a transmitter) moved outside the release area.
17 Hard-release monitoring (transmitters) The hard-release geckos moved distances of up to 40m outside of their release area (dotted line).
18 Soft-release monitoring (transmitters) The area that the soft-release geckos were occupying did not change significantly over the 3 weeks monitoring. Red = release points Black = end points
19 Hard-release monitoring (transmitters) The area the hard-release geckos were occupying increased > 4 X over the 3 weeks monitoring. Red = release points Black = end points
20 Results Largest total movement Male: 81m (HR). Largest total movement Female: 68m (SR + HR). Minimum total movement Male: 20m (HR). Minimum total movement Female: 4m (SR). Largest daily movement Male: 22m (HR). Largest daily movement Female: 17m (SR).
21 Soft-release monitoring (transmitters) Two females at the soft-release site. Couch Potato
22 Results 80% of fixes were arboreal and 20% were on or below ground. Ground used for shelter, moving between habitat patches, and for basking by some geckos. A wide range of plants were used by geckos. Coprosma taylorae (45% of fixes), grass (13%), Muehlenbeckia (11%), gorse (Ulex europaeus) (6%), broadleaf (Griselinia littoralis) (5%), kohuhu (Pittosporum tenuifolium) (5%), bracken (Pteridium esculentum) (4%), kānuka (Kunzea ericoides) (3%) and another 13 other plants (<1%).
23 Results The following summer.. We undertook 2 surveys of the HR site and the SR site. 2 females were found at the HR site and both were not gravid. In contrast, 4/4 females found at the soft-release site were gravid. Have the HR males lost contact with the SR females? Non-gravid females very rarely found on Otago Peninsula in summer (C. Knox, pers. obs.).
24 Discussion Interpretation of results limited by small sample size and individual variation; but some interesting patterns still found. Daily movements in the hard-release group were significantly higher than daily movements in the soft-release group. Distance from release point at the end of the monitoring was 3 X higher in the hard-release group. The area occupied by the hard-release geckos was over 4 times higher at the end of monitoring than at the start.
25 Discussion Daily movements, home-ranges and dispersal from release point for translocated animals may be influenced by several factors such as: Habitat structure and species composition. Climate, altitude and season (cold may restrict dispersal). Density of geckos. Interactions with predators. Length of time in the pen prior to release. Future research could look at the effect of these variables on the dispersal of geckos following translocation.
26 2014 research In 2014 further research was undertaken at Orokonui Ecosanctuary and 2 sites on Otago Peninsula. Increased sample size. Looked at the minimum length of time required in a pen to minimise dispersal (4 months vs. 9 months). The effect of season on movement/dispersal patterns. Comparison with a natural population on Otago Peninsula. Habitat analyses: which plants or micro-habitats are they showing a preference for? Homerange / overlap analyses.
27 Summary of research undertaken on the dispersal of jewelled geckos Trial #1 Trial #2 Trial #3 Site Orokonui Orokonui Otago Peninsula site A Date Sep/Oct 2012 Jan 2014 May/June 2014 Otago Peninsula site B Groups and no. geckos* Soft-release period SR(10), HR(9) HR(10) SR(10), HR(10) NP(18) 9 months NA 4 months NA *HR = hard-release, SR = soft-release, NP = natural population. The number of geckos radio-tracked is in brackets.
28 Release strategy Season Site No. of geckos Daily movement (m ± SE) % of geckos remaining in release area after 3 weeks SR Winter OP, A 10 (6F, 4M) 0.80 ± % SR Spring OROK 11 (10F, 1M) 1.06 ± % HR Winter OP, A 10 (7F, 3M) 1.39 ± % HR Spring OROK 9 (6F, 3M) 1.61 ± % HR Summer OROK 10 (7F, 3M) 2.79 ± % NP Winter OP, B 18 (9F, 9M) 1.13 ± 0.10 N/A
29 Release strategy Season Site No. of geckos Daily movement (m ± SE) % of geckos remaining in release area after 3 weeks HR: F TOTAL OP+OROK ± % HR: M TOTAL OP+OROK ± % SR: F TOTAL OP+OROK ± % SR: M TOTAL OP+OROK ± % NP: F Winter OP ± 0.10 N/A NP: M Winter PORT ± 0.17 N/A
30 Conclusions We suspect that the likelihood of population establishment and the speed of population growth is much diminished when soft-release pens are not used for Naultinus gecko translocations. Soft-releases/pens also increase ease of monitoring during population establishment. We recommend that soft-release is adopted as standard practice for Naultinus gecko translocations. We suspect that geckos should spend at least 3 months in the pen to settle.
31 Conclusions Soft-release pens should also be considered and trialled with other lizard and frog species being translocated in NZ. We hope to undertake future research on a large skink species (Oligosoma) and another gecko genus (e.g. Mokopirirakau). This will allow us to make more general recommendations.
32 Acknowledgements Orokonui Eco-sanctuary Save the Otago Peninsula Trust University of Otago Setpoint solutions Wildlife management student: Sunny Yet Les Moran (DOC) for assistance with field work in 2014 Scott Jarvie and Luke Eason for statistical help in 2014 All the many volunteers who donated their time assisting with radio-tracking and building soft-release pens.
33 References Cree, A. (1994). Low annual reproductive output in female reptiles from New Zealand. New Zeal. J. Zool. 21, Germano, J.M. & Bishop, P.J. (2008). Suitability of amphibians and reptiles for translocation. Conserv. Biol. 23, Hitchmough, R., Anderson, P., Barr, B., Monks, J., Lettink, M., Reardon, J., Tocher, M. & Whitaker, T. (2013). Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, New Zealand threat classification series 2. Wellington: Department of Conservation. Knox, C.D., Cree, A. & Seddon, P.J. (2013). Accurate identification of individual geckos (Naultinus gemmeus) through dorsal pattern differentiation. New Zeal. J. Ecol. 37, Knox C.D. & Monks J.M. (in press) Penning prior to release decreases posttranslocation dispersal of jewelled geckos. Animal Conservation. Sherley, G.H., Stringer, I.A.N. & Parrish, G.R. (2010). Summary of native bat, reptile, amphibian and terrestrial invertebrate translocations in New Zealand. Wellington: Department of Conservation, Science for Conservation 303.
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