Hva har lastebilbransjen oppnådd av miljøforbedringer, og hva har det gitt oss?

Transcription

1 1 Hva har lastebilbransjen oppnådd av miljøforbedringer, og hva har det gitt oss?

2 Lang historie i Norge Etablert i 1945 Privateid frem til 1999 Et datterselskap av Scania CV AB fra

3 Avdelinger over hele landet 50 servicepunkter ca. 870 ansatte, og ca. 100 hos frittstående forhandlere Omsetning 2007 Ca 3,4 milliard kroner 3

4 Transporttrender Norske lastebiler kjører lenger Norske lastebiler tilbakela nesten 1,8 milliarder kilometer i ,6 milliarder kilometer ble kjørt innenlands, 21,2 millioner kilometer mer enn året før. Transporten med norske biler utenlands har derimot gått litt ned 4

5 Salg last, ( ) % % Antall y = 2492x 0, % 25 % 20 % 15 % Andel Scania 10 % 5 % 0 % Ant. Tot. Ant. Scania Andel Scania Geom. (Ant. Tot.) Geom. (Ant. Scania) 5

6 More efficient road transport Engine improvement Rolling resistance Aerodynamic drag Increased payload capacity Driver influence 10 percent 50% Fuel consumed per tonne-km (= CO 2 emissions) 6

7 More efficient road transport Engine improvement Rolling resistance Aerodynamic drag Increased payload capacity 50% Biofuels Vehicle improvements Driver Efficient use of vehicles Fuel consumed per tonne-km (= CO 2 emissions) 7

8 8 Engine development Nitrogen oxides NOx = NO + NO 2 Fuel consumption CO2 emissions

9 9 Engine development Nitrogen oxides NOx = NO + NO 2 Fuel consumption CO2 emissions

10 Engine development Fuel consumption CO 2 emissions Engine development is to shift the curve 0.5% per year Nitrogen oxides NOx = NO + NO 2 10

11 How to reduce NOx Diesel NOx ppm Reducing combustion temperature Injection timing Intake air temperature Injection rate EGR Combustion temperature K 11

12 How to reduce PM Traffic-related particulates Tyres Road surface Brakes Exhaust Exhaust particulates Soot Hydrocarbon Lubrication oil (Sulphur) Increased injection pressure Controlled boost pressure Combustion chamber design Aftertreatment Oxicat Particulate trap 12

13 Particulate reduction Particulate composition after combustion Particulate composition after reduction Soot Hydrocarbon Lubrication oil (Sulphur) Silencer Oxicat Soot Hydrocarbon Lubrication oil (Sulphur) Soot (Sulphate) Oxicat Particulate trap (Sulphate) 13

14 Technical solutions Recirculated and cooled exhaust gas Engine control unit Urea Air Intake air Exhaust gas Engine Exhaust gas Catalytic converter NH 3 + NOx N 2 + H 2 O Cooled EGR * SCR ** * Exhaust gas recirculation ** Selective catalytic reduction 14

15 Technical solutions SCR Aftertreatment method New technology for automotive use Relies on added reagent Requires extra tank and filling Infrastructure for urea solution lacking Operating cost dependent on price of urea solution Chassis installation affected Relies on high exhaust temp. Works best under higher load, e.g. long-haulage Engine control unit Engine Exhaust gas Urea Air Catalytic converter NH 3 + NOx N 2 + H 2 O SCR 15

16 Effect of SCR Fuel consumption Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 1 NOx removed with aftertreatment + urea solution Nitrogen oxides NOx = NO + NO 2 16

17 Cheating and tampering Adaptation of emissions directive for Euro 4 and 5 (11 Feb 2005) Prevents cheating with emission levels e.g. by not filling urea solution Compliance ensured System functionality checked NOx sensing in exhaust Non-compliance logged up to 12 months Torque reduced by at least 40 percent Activated when stationary 500 hp 2,400 Nm 300 hp 1,440 Nm Implementation 2006/

18 Technical solutions EGR Recirculated and cooled exhaust gas Intake air Exhaust gas Cooled EGR Refined combustion High injection pressure Reduces particulates Improves fuel efficiency Tried-and-proven since decades Just fill standard diesel Works at any load Operational in urban stop-and-go traffic 18

19 Effect of EGR Fuel consumption Euro 4 Euro 3 NOx removed with improved combustion technology Nitrogen oxides NOx = NO + NO 2 19

20 Powertrain design Fuel flexibility Convenient handling Proven and robust technology Affordable 20

21 Euro 5 (2008/09) All truck and bus engines Scania EGR Scania XPI Particulates NOx 0.02 g/kwh 2.0 g/kwh Scania XPI Rail Variable turbo geometry Increased swept volume Oxicat Fuel filters Low pressure fuel pump Injectors High-pressure fuel pump 21

22 Euro 6 (2011/12?) New world standard based on EPA 10? Assuming Japanese, US and European norms harmonised World-harmonised test cycle Particulates NOx g/kwh 0.27 g/kwh Scania XPI Rail Injectors Technologies Scania XPI, EGR, VTG, SCR Fuel filters Low pressure fuel pump High-pressure fuel pump 22

23 Injection pressure Euro bar inline pump Euro bar 1300 bar inline pump Scania PDE Euro bar inline pump 1500 bar Scania PDE 1700 bar Scania HPI Euro bar Scania PDE + EGR 1800 bar Scania PDE + SCR 2400 bar (at max. revs) Scania HPI + EGR Euro bar (at all times) Scania XPI + EGR + VTG Euro bar Scania XPI + EGR + SCR + VTG 23

24 Scania XPI extra high-pressure injection Scania XPI capability Enables multiple injection pulses Maximum pressure available at all times Pressure can be varied in all conditions 24

25 Injection rate Benefits of multiple injection Access to desired timing and pressure -60 TDC CA Pilot injections Two main injections Post injections 25

26 Scania HCCI Homogeneous charge compression ignition Technology mature around 2015 High efficiency Lean (cold) combustion gives low NOx Premix prevents formation of particulates High EGR rate Tricky combustion control High noise level High strength required Image from test cell or in truck 26

27 NOx formation during combustion HCCI Diesel NOx ppm Combustion temperature K 27

28 Oil and gas production Expected production peak in 2008 Source: Uppsala Hydrocarbon Depletion Study Group, Oil and gas liquids 2004 Scenario, Updated by Colin J. Campbell, 15 May

29 Forecast for transport fuels according to EU objectives Mtoe % 20% EU targets for alternatives Hydrogen Natural gas Bio fuel Oil Year 29

30 Primary energy Energy carrier Energy conversion 30

31 Future fuels and energy carriers Primary energy Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass (waste) Sun Hydro Wind Nuclear power Diesel oil Synthetic gas Electricity RME Fischer- Tropsch Hydrogen DME Alcohols Petrol LPG Methane Source: Rolf Egnell, Lund Institute of Technology 31

32 Future fuels and energy carriers Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass (waste) Sun Hydro Wind Nuclear power Diesel oil Synthetic gas Electricity RME Fischer- Tropsch Hydrogen DME Alcohols Petrol LPG Methane Energy carriers Source: Rolf Egnell, Lund Institute of Technology 32

33 Future fuels and energy carriers Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass (waste) Sun Hydro Wind Nuclear power Diesel oil Synthetic gas Electricity RME Fischer- Tropsch Hydrogen DME Alcohols Petrol LPG Methane Source: Rolf Egnell, Lund Institute of Technology 33

34 34 Ethanol

35 35 Gas

36 Robust hybrid technology Heavy-duty truck/bus engine Ultra-capacitors for energy storage Standard chassis and body components 36

37 Local Emissions (PM, NO x etc) Euro III Diesel Euro III Euro IV Biogas RME Synt. diesel Diesel CNG Euro IV Euro V EEV Ethanol Dieselhybrid Euro V Diesel Euro V 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% CO 2 -reduction 37

38 Future fuels Diesel Blending with biofuel (RME) International standards Biofuel (RME) International standards Synthetic diesel International standards Smooth transition to alternatives Existing technology can be used 38

39 39