Practical guide. Support sheets Rapid programme
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1 Practical guide for the design of cropping systems less reliant on pesticides Application in polyculture/mixed farming systems Support sheets Rapid programme
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3 Contents Programme summary Support sheet S1 : Summary diagram for the diagnosis of the farm (Step 1a) Support sheet S2A : Detailed description of the management of the principal crops in the current CS (Step 1b) Support sheet S2B : Simplified description of the CS (Steps 1b and 1c) Support sheet S3 : Introduction of alternative technical solutions available for crop protection at the rotation scale (Step 2a) Support sheet S4 : Introduction of alternative technical solutions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b) Support sheet S5 : Simplified evaluation of the performance of alternative cropping systems compared with the current cropping system (Step 3)
4 List of abbreviations The forms in this list are marked by the a sign in the text. CMP COMIFER CS CT F IC K N OM P RSA TFI Crop management plan Comité Français pour le développement de la Fertilisation Raisonnée (French committee for the development of rationalised fertilisation) Cropping system Conservation tillage Farm Intercrop period Potassium Nitrogen Organic matter Phosphorous Revue Suisse Agricole (Swiss Journal of Agriculture) Treatment Frequency Index 4
5 Programme summary 1.a. Overall performance of the farm Step 1: Diagnosis of the initial situation Objectives : Understanding the overall objectives of the farmer for his farm Understanding the farm s assets and constraints Identifying the CS a of the farm and which should be improved first Production of a diagnosis of the farm (Support sheet S1) 1.b. Description of the cropping system to be improved Objectives : Characterise the CS a (crop sequence, CMPs a ) and soil types Become acquainted with the farmer s objectives and issues with the CS a Description of the crop sequence (Support sheet S2B) Rapid description of the CMPs + comprehensive description of the CMPs for one or two crops (Support sheet S2A) 1.c. Evaluation of the initial cropping system Objectives : Evaluate the CS a based on a list of pre-established indicators, making it possible to later compare the performance of these to proposed alternative systems Rapid characterisation of the CS a (Support sheet S2B) Step 2: Co-design of alternative cropping systems Objectives : Identify with the farmer those agronomic levers already used in the current CS a at the rotation scale Identify supplementary levers which could be interesting to use, according to the objectives 2.a. Considering the rotation Identify those levers used at the rotation scale in the current CS a Suggest supplementary levers for implementation (Support sheet S3) 2.b. Considering the CMP Identification of levers for implementation at the CMP a scale in the current CS a Suggest supplementary levers for implementation (Support sheet S4) Rapid description new CS a constructed (Support sheet S2B) Step 3: Evaluating alternative cropping systems compared with the initial cropping system Objectives : Evaluate the performances of alternative CS a compared with the initial CS a Qualitative evaluation of the performances of constructed CS a compared to the farmer s current CS a according to selected indicators (Support sheet S5) Step 4: Discussion of results Objectives : Discuss the introduction of alternative systems suggested for the farm 5
6 Support sheet S1 : Summary diagram for the diagnosis of the farm (Step 1a) Date : Farm : Priority tasks Farmer s priorities Milieu (soil/climate) Crop sequences Workforce Local issues Crop sequence 1 Crop sequence 2 % on F: % on F: Crops: Crops: Equipment/material Most common planting method: ploughing/sct/direct sowing Most common planting method: ploughing/sct/direct sowing Crop sequence 3 Crop sequence 4 % on F: % on F: Crop enemies Crops: Crops: Most common planting method: ploughing/sct/direct sowing Most common planting method: ploughing/sct/direct sowing Location of fields Production system Technical-economic environment (According to Capillon, Vogrincic et al.) The diagram should be completed by highlighting the assets and constraints of the farm for each of the criteria above. A list of questions is supplied in Help sheet H1 for completing the table. 6
7 Support sheet S2A : Detailed description of the management of the principal crops in the current CS (Step 1b) Date : Farm : CROP Principal crop 1 Principal crop 2 MANAGEMENT Typical management Variability in practices and causes Typical management Variability in practices and causes MANAGEMENT OF FALLOW PERIOD Shredding of residues (yes/no) Chemical weeding TFI or costs ( / ) TIllage Ploughing (yes/no) Superficial cultivation (type and number of passages) Sowing of intermediate crop Species sown SOWING Sowing date (early/average/late) Number of varieties Type of varieties (susceptible/low susceptibility) Sowing density low/average/high) Spacing of rows (narrow/average/wide) Seed treatment (yes/no) 7
8 Support sheet S2A : Detailed description of the management of the principal crops in the current CS (Step 1b) CROP Principal crop 1 Principal crop 2 MANAGEMENT Typical management Variability in practices and causes Typical management Variability in practices and causes FERTILISATION Mineral fertilisation Mineral nitrogen inputs (kg of nitrogen/ha) Number of inputs Organic fertilisation Organic fertilisation Organic nitrogen inputs (kg of nitrogen/ha) CROP PROTECTION Herbicides TFI/costs ( / ) or number of passages Fungicides TFI/costs ( / ) or number of passages Insecticides TFI/costs ( / ) or number of passages Others (molluscicides, regulators, etc.) TFI/costs ( / ) or number of passages Mechanical control Hoe/harrow/rotary hoe number of passages Biological control Control method (Trichogramma, Contans, etc.) IRRIGATION Quantity of water added (m 3 /ha) HARVEST Yield (q/ha) 8
9 Support sheet S2B : Simplified description of the CS (Step 1b and 1c) Date : Farm : Farmer s objectives and constraints : Current CS Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop 6 CROP Ploughing (yes/no) Tillage during fallow period (number of passages) Sowing date (early/average/late) and density (low/average/high) Choice of variety (susceptible/low susceptibility) TFI (if available) or number of passages for chemical protection Operational costs for pesticides ( / ) Mechanical weeding (yes/no) Total dose of nitrogen input (units of nitrogen) Yield (q/ha) 9
10 Support sheet S2B : Simplified description of the CS (Step 1b and 1c) Alternative CS 1 Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop 6 CROP Ploughing (yes/no) Tillage during fallow period (number of passages) Sowing date (early/average/late) and density (low/average/high) Choice of variety (susceptible/low susceptibility) TFI (if available) or number of passages for chemical protection Operational costs for pesticides ( / ) Mechanical weeding (yes/no) Total dose of nitrogen input (units of nitrogen) Yield (q/ha) Alternative CS 2 Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop 6 CROP Ploughing (yes/no) Tillage during fallow period (number of passages) Sowing date (early/average/late) and density (low/average/high) Choice of variety (susceptible/low susceptibility) TFI (if available) or number of passages for chemical protection Operational costs for pesticides ( / ) Mechanical weeding (yes/no) Total dose of nitrogen input (units of nitrogen) Yield (q/ha) 10
11 Support sheet S3 : Introduction of alternative technical solutions available for crop protection at the rotation scale (Step 2a) Date : Farm : The objective of this table is to make it possible to rapidly see which practices have already been implemented by the farmer in his current CS and those which could be used in alternative CS. In no case is the objective to introduce all these levers in the CS: according to the objectives and the constraints of the farmer, the task is to find a combination of practices to limit the pest pressure he is faced with. Lever available Diversify families and species in the rotation to break the disease cycle, taking into account the time period before the return of crops and the possible precedents Diversify families and species in the rotation to break the pest cycle in relation to animal pests, taking into account the time period before the return of crops and the possible precedents Diversify families and species in the crop sequence to despecialise weed flora Introduce a long fallow period one year in three to allow tillage Implementation in current CS Implementation in alternative CS 1 Implementation in alternative CS 2 Rotation : Rotation : Rotation : Probably yes Probably no Probably yes Probably no Probably yes Probably no (According to P. Viaux) 11
12 Support sheet S4 : Introduction of alternative technical solutions available for crop protection at the CMP scale (Step 2b) Date : Farm : TO BE COPIED SEVERAL TIMES FOR USE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME The objective of this table is to make it possible to rapidly see which practices have already been implemented by the farmer in his current CS and those which could be used in alternative CS a. In no case is the objective to introduce all these levers in the CS : according to the objectives and the constraints of the farmer, the task is to find a combination of practices to limit the pest pressure he is faced with. Crop : Implementation in current CS Implementation in alternative CS 1 Implementation in alternative CS 2 Effects on Reminder of Rotation : Reminder of Rotation : Reminder of Rotation : Lever available Weeds Diseases Animal pests Probably yes Probably no Probably yes Probably no Probably yes Probably no Shredding of crop residues X X Destruction of volunteers and host weeds X X X Use of uncontaminated seed X Choice of resistant/tolerant varieties X X Choice of competitive varieties (according to their phenological characteristics) X Limiting contamination through equipment X X Tillage (alternating superficial cultivation and ploughing) in association with the rotation (burying seeds and X X X sources of inoculum) Stale seed beds: to exhaust seed bank X X Shredding of borders X Shifting sowing date X X X Increasing sowing density, reducing spacing of rows X X X Reducing sowing density X X X Combination of species and varieties X X X Adjusting nitrogen inputs to the production needs of the crop to encourage X X X its development Mechanical weeding X X Biological control X X Landscape management X X In red, those levers which can have an antagonistic effects between pest categories. 12
13 Support sheet S5 : Simplified evaluation of the performance of alternative cropping systems compared with the current cropping system (Step 3) Date : Farm : The indicators below have been chosen in order to conduct a very rapid evaluation, comparing CS a on various criteria: environment through TFI, economy through yield, costs and direct margin, energy through the quantity of nitrogen inputs and the social aspect through the number of passages in the field. These tables should be completed based on the description of CS a made in support sheet S2A. The task is to translate the changing trends in the indicators, comparing crop by crop and then overall, the current and alternative CS a. If new crops are introduced, compare only those found in the two CS a, then judge the overall change in the indicators by estimating the value of the indicators for new crops. For TFI, see if there is an overall reduction in the number of passages through the introduction of alternative practices compared to the current CS a. For costs, estimate the variations due to changes in pesticide and fertiliser consumption. The margin can then be calculated in relation to the changes forecast in costs and yield. The number of passages in the fallow period records the tillage conducted (stubble cleaning, stale seed beds, etc.). Alternative CS 1 : Indicator Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop 6 TFI Yield (t/ha) Costs ( / ) Direct margin ( / ) Nitrogen input Number of passages in fallow period Number of passages for mechanical weeding Average for the CS Alternative CS 2 : Indicator Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 Crop 4 Crop 5 Crop 6 TFI Yield (t/ha) Costs ( / ) Direct margin ( / ) Nitrogen input Number of passages in fallow period Number of passages for mechanical weeding Average for the CS 13
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16 Artwork produced by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forest and adapted for the English version by L attitude 49 Cover photograph : Pascal Xicluna Original version (French) February 2011 English translation 2013
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