Peter Troch University of Arizona

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1 B B The Hills are Alive: Building an Interdisciplinary Earth Science Research Facility at Biosphere 2 INQUIRY 2 Institute To Tackle Scientific Grand Challenges RESEARCH & DISCOVERY 2 Earthscience To Address Global Environmental Change EDUCATION & UOTREACH Biosphere 2 To Serve Arizona and the Public At Large Peter Troch University of Arizona

2 Where science lives. Biosphere 2 is a large-scale Earth science facility Precise climate and mass balance control at large scales UA is building a science program to bridge the gap between: Spatial scales (laboratory versus field experiments) Temporal scales (event-based versus long-term observations)

4 Biosphere 2 Core Mission To serve as a center for research, outreach, teaching, and life-long learning about Earth, its living systems, and its place in the universe.

5 Biosphere 2 Core Mission To serve as a center for research, outreach, teaching, and life-long learning about Earth, its living systems, and its place in the universe. Catalyze interdisciplinary thinking and understanding about the Earth and its future

6 Biosphere 2 Core Mission To serve as a center for research, outreach, teaching, and life-long learning about Earth, its living systems, and its place in the universe. Catalyze interdisciplinary thinking and understanding about the Earth and its future Be an adaptive tool for Earth education and outreach to industry, government, and the public, and the public;

7 Biosphere 2 Core Mission To serve as a center for research, outreach, teaching, and life-long learning about Earth, its living systems, and its place in the universe. Catalyze interdisciplinary thinking and understanding about the Earth and its future Be an adaptive tool for Earth education and outreach to industry, government, and the public, and the public; Distill issues related to Earth systems planning and management for use by policymakers, students, and the public.

8 Global Change and Water Cycle Dynamics Changing Climate Reduced Rainfall Changing Land Surface Rising Temperature Breshears et al., PNAS, 20

9 Global Change and Water Cycle Dynamics How does water affect the behavior of life? How does life affects water cycle dynamics? 1200 a Overall ANPP (g m -2 ) Removal of resource limitations Site-level 200 Precipitation change PPT (mm y -1 ) Weltzin et al., (2001) BioScience Huxman et al., (2004) Nature

10 EarthScience Experimental Facility Design of the Institutional Experiment A Biosphere2-CUAHSI co-production

11 EarthScience Experimental Facility Three bays available for institutional experiment Precise climate and mass balance control Hydrologic, biogeochemical, geomorphologic, ecologic interactions Intermediate spatial scale (3 0mx1 5m) Both event-based and long-term (1 0 years) observations

12 EarthScience Experimental Facility Three bays available for institutional experiment Precise climate and mass balance control Hydrologic, biogeochemical, geomorphologic, ecologic interactions Intermediate spatial scale (3 0mx1 5m) Both event-based and long-term (1 0 years) observations

13 Our Conceptua l Model Hillslope hydrology Biosphere 2 Surface/subsurface water flow paths & connectivity Microbial and plant colonization Biogeo-weathering & ecosystem dynamics Huxman et al., EOS, 2009

14 Design Considerations C1: Relevance of the results to the semi-arid setting of the Biosphere2 facility C2: Spatially variable moisture regimes, including convergence C3: Lateral connectivity of processes through transient subsurface flow C4: Ensuring sufficient water available in the root zone C5: Temporal dynamics and response to climatic variation C6: Avoiding significant overland flow C7: Minimize the imposed structure and maximize the emergent structure C8: Simplicity and elegance C9: Technical feasibility Hopp et al., HESS, in prep

15 Zero-order catchment Hopp et al., HESS, in prep

16 Parsimonious hydrologic modeling Hopp et al., HESS, in prep

17 Detailed hydrologic modeling Hopp et al., HESS, in prep

18 Engineering Design

19 Linking hydrology and geochemistry Dontsova et al., in prep

20 Hydro-geochemical modeling Transport (HYDRUS) (advection, dispersion, diffusion) (saturated / unsaturated) velocity water sat. Geochemical Reactions (CrunchFlow) -aqueous speciation -kinetic mineral dissolution/precipitation -ion exchange -surface complexation reaction-induced porosity & permeability feedback Sharon Desilets

21 Subsurface weathering and precipitation Flow velocity Surface area Volume % of secondary minerals mm/h 55 5 mm/h 0.26 mm/h mm/h Volume % of primary minerals Volume % of secondary minerals m2/g m2/g 3.2 m2/g Volume % of primary minerals Time, days Time, days Volume % of secondary minerals mm/h 55 5 mm/h 0.26 mm/h mm/h Volume % of primary minerals Volume % of secondary minerals m2/g m2/g 3.2 m2/g Volume % of primary minerals Time, days Time, days

22 Subsurface weathering and precipitation Primary Mineral Fraction Secondary Mineral Fraction V= m/h V= m/h A: 168 days (3 years equivalent) B: 560 days (10 years equivalent) C: 1000 days (18 years equivalent) Dontsova et al., in prep

23 tribs-veggie Model R H λe S atm Q in G θ Q out Valeriy Ivanov

24 Fully vegetated ( ) Mean ANPP STD of root moisture Mean root moisture Ivanov et al., in prep.

25 CV vs mean SM: Bare soil Vegetated Ivanov et al., in prep.

26 SM spatial variability vs mean SM Initial state #2 Capillarity and evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration dominates Subsurface flow dominates Transition of the dominant factors that contribute to soil water heterogeneity Ivanov et al., in prep.

27 Temporal design: replicates vs treatment Phase 1: bare soil Phase 2: model organisms Phase 3: biological perturbation Phase 4: different climate regimes Replication Climate change Huxman et al., EOS, 2009

28 Development of coupled systems model Goal: To develop a predictive, modular system for hypothesis generation and prediction, coupling subsurface & surface hydrology, sediment transport, ecosystem dynamics, and biogeochemical processes. Motivation: Numerical modeling must be part of B2 learning cycle and is necessary for developing quantitative tools for better prediction of real-world landscape processes. Jon Pelletier

29 Similar initiatives in other biomes Scott Saleska: NSF PIRE PI and coordinator

30 Acknowledgements Thanks to many, many people!! B2Science and SAHRA team Hydrologic Synthesis team (UIUC) Workshop participants CUAHSI Read more about Biosphere 2 EarthScience: EOS brief report to appear in April Input and feedback welcome: patroch@hwr.arizona.edu

31 Thanks for your attention! QUESTIONS?

Create Your Own Soil Profile Ac5vity

Create Your Own Soil Profile Ac5vity Middle School: 5-8 Task Overview: Soil profile refers to layers of soil. A typical soil profile takes nearly 1,000 to 100,000 years to form. The formation of the soil