Raman Spectroscopy. Can probe gases, liquids, and solids. Must use a laser source for excitation.

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1 Raman Spectroscopy Complementary to IR spectroscopy, it used to be somewhat specialized but is making a comeback with the development of new detectors for improved sensitivity.

2 Raman Spectroscopy Another spectroscopic technique which probes the rovibrational structure of molecules. C.V. Raman discovered in 1928; received Nobel Prize in Can probe gases, liquids, and solids. Must use a laser source for excitation. Resurgence in recent years due to the development of new detectors with improved sensitivity. Shift back away from FT-Raman to dispersive Raman with multichannel detector systems.

3 How It Works Excited electronic state 0 Excitation Rayleigh Scattering Raman Scattering Virtual electronic states Stokes Anti-Stokes Ground electronic state

4 The Spectrum A complete Raman spectrum consists of: a Rayleigh scattered peak (high intensity, same wavelength as excitation) a series of Stokes-shifted peaks (low intensity, longer wavelength) a series of anti-stokes shifted peaks (still lower intensity, shorter wavelength) spectrum independent of excitation wavelength (488, 632.8, or 1064 nm) Spectrum of CCl 4, using an Ar + laser at 488 nm.

5 Compare IR and Raman Spectra of PETN explosive. From D.N. Batchelder, Univ. of Leeds

6 Some Raman Advantages Here are some reasons why someone would prefer to use Raman Spectroscopy. Non-destructive to samples (minimal sample prep) Higher temperature studies possible (don t care about IR radiation) Easily examine low wavenumber region: 100 cm -1 readily achieved. Better microscopy; using visible light so can focus more tightly. Easy sample prep: water is an excellent solvent for Raman. Can probe sample through transparent containers (glass or plastic bag).

7 Origin of Raman Effect E = E 0 cos( ω ex t) ( ) µ induced = αe = αe 0 cos ω ex t α = α 0 + ( r r eq ) dα dr ( ) r r eq = r max cos ω vib t α = α 0 + dα dr r max cos ω vib t ( ) The oscillating electric field of the excitation light. The induced dipole moment from this oscillating field. The molecular polarizability changes with bond length. The bond length oscillates at vibrational frequency. Hence the polarizability oscillates at same frequency. µ induced = α 0 + dα dr r max cos( ω vib t) E 0 cos( ω ex t)= α 0 E 0 cos( ω ex t)+ E 0 r dα max dr cos ( ω ext)cos ω vib t [ ( ) ] cos x cosy = 1 2 cos ( x + y )+ cos x y µ induced = α 0 E 0 cos( ω ex t)+ E 0 r max 2 ( ) Remember trig identity. dα dr cos ( ω ex + ω vib )t )+ cos ( ω ex ω vib )t [ ( )] Substitute. Induced dipole has Rayleigh, Stokes, and anti-stokes components.

8 Watch for Fluorescence Spectrum of anthracene. A: using Ar + laser at nm. B: using Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. Want to use short wavelength because scattering depends on 4th power of frequency. BUT Want to use long wavelength to minimize chance of inducing fluorescence.

9 Sources Raman intensity is weak and the excitation source must be strong to generate sufficient signal. Source must be monochromatic so that spectrum is sufficiently uncomplicated. Intense lamps can work, but when monochromatized, have very little power. Scattering efficiency increases as ν 4 : the bluer the light, the more the scattering. The bluer the light, the greater the chance of producing fluorescence. Lasers are used almost exclusively: Ar + Ion: and nm Kr + Ion: and nm He:Ne: nm Diode Lasers: 782 and 830 nm Nd: YAG: 1064 (532 when doubled) nm I just checked. Here is a 500 mw Ar ion laser for sale on ebay for $1000.

10 Sources-Detectors Experiment used to require considerable excitation power Ion lasers, 40 W cw He:Ne, 10 W cw YAG (Yttrium aluminium garnet Y 3 Al 5 O 12 ), 1 J/10 ns pulse (100 MW average pulse) But detectors have improved so much, the source power requirements have been decreased Diode laser, 25 mw other lasers can be made correspondingly smaller

11 Resonance Raman Effect The Raman effect is quite weak; Rayleigh emission is 10 5 to 10 6 times more intense. If virtual state is close to a real molecular state, the transition probability is greatly enhanced. Resonance Raman is enhanced 10 2 to Can detect concentrations as low as 10-8 M. Resonance Raman spectra much simpler because enhancements only occur with transitions associated to the chromophore. All Raman processes are coherent; the excited state exists only during the time that the photon is there. It is not an absorption-reemission process as with fluorescence. Lifetime on order of sec.

12 FT-Raman Use a laser source in NIR or Visible, coupled with interferometer. Can perform FT-Raman studies. ( Advent of highly sensitive array detectors has cut into the FT-Raman territory. Most manufacturers going back to dispersive instruments. Instrument from Bruker

13 Multichannel Raman Spectroscopy Instrument of Hans Hallen in Phyiscs Dept. at North Carolina State.

14 NSOM Raman Imaging Spectrum of potassium titanyl phosphate. From Hans Hallen at NCSU. Squares are 5 x 5 µm square of this material doped with Rb. A near-field scanning microscope was used and the Raman signal was used to key the substrate response.

15 Chemical Mapping Focus laser to small spot. Tune spectrometer to particular Raman transition peak. Raster scan the sample under the laser beam, record intensity changes. Resultant map correlates with substance. Acquire an entire spectrum at every point, then choose the feature with which to key the image. Motorized stage from Renishaw for chemical mapping. This is a drug tablet. The yellow corresponds to the active ingredient. Particles are in the 10 s of µm range.

16 Chemical Imaging Now defocus the laser (not a small spot, but rather baths the sample in laser radiation). Pass the emitted radiation through a narrow bandpass filter, adjusted to a particular wavelength, chosen to be a certain Raman band. Focus this light on the CCD camera. Bright regions correspond to locations of substance giving rise to Raman signal. Mixture of cocaine and sugar. Bright spots are cocaine.

17 Primjena u restauraciji Ovo je freska iz 12. st. iz crkve u Italiji, koju je trebalo restaurirati. Koje boje upotrijebiti? Raman analiza pomoću Ramanove spektroskopije identificira boje i pigmente koji su prisutni u originalu, dozvoljavajući ispravan izbor materijala za čišćenje i ponovno bojanje nakon toga, kako bi se vratilo originalno stanje

18 Applications - Paint Chips Forensic analysis of paint chips in vehicle accidents. Often multiple layers. Can analyze with IR by stripping successive layers. Image edge with microraman. Layers 1 and 3 turned out to be rutile phase TiO 2 - a white paint. Layer 2 was a goethite, a red pigment and corrosion inhibitor. Layer 4 was molybdate orange, a common red paint in the 70 s in North America and still used in the U.K. today. Layer 5 was a silicate based paint. Data arising from a case investigated by LAPD.

19 Applications - Gem Forgery In 1999 a new process was developed called GE POL whereby brown type IIa diamonds could be treated to become indistinguishable from naturally clear diamonds. Raman presented way to distinguish them. Originally brown diamond Naturally clear diamond

20 Applications - Bullet Proof Glass Identify poly(carbonate) from poly(methylmethacrylate). Both used for shatter-proof glass

21 Applications - Sunscreen Formulations Here are the spectra of 5 common sunscreen ingredients. Raman is able to determine from a spectrum on the arm the nature of the sunscreen being used. A: ODPABA (octyl N,N-dimethyl-paminobenzoic acid) B: OMC (octyl p-methoxycinnamate) C: BZ3 (oxybenzone) D: OCS (octyl salicylate) E: DBM (dibenzoylmethane) G. R. Luppnow et al., J. Raman. Spec. 34, 743 (2003).