Tropical Coastal Forests
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1 Tropical Coastal Communities Relationships to other tropical forest systems specialized swamp forests: Tropical Coastal Forests Mangrove and beach forests confined to tropical and subtropical zones at the interface of terrestrial and saltwater confined to tropical and subtropical ocean tidal zones water temperature must exceed 75 F or 24 C in warmest month unique adaptations to harsh environment - convergent Queensland, Australia stilt roots - support Rhizophora mangle - red mangrove Moluccas Venezuela
2 stilt roots - support pneumatophores - erect roots for O 2 exchange salt glands - excretion Rhizophora mangle - red mangrove stilt roots - support pneumatophores - erect roots for O 2 exchange salt glands - excretion viviparous seedlings Rhizophora mangle - red mangrove Xylocarpus (Meliaceae) & Rhizophora 80 species in 30 genera (20 families) 60 species OW& 20 NW (Rhizophoraceae - red mangrove - most common in Neotropics) 80 species in 30 genera (20 families) 60 species OW& 20 NW Avicennia - black mangrove; inner boundary of red mangrove, better drained Avicennia nitida (black mangrove, Acanthaceae) Rhizophora mangle - red mangrove Xylocarpus (Meliaceae) & Rhizophora
3 80 species in 30 genera (20 families) 60 species OW& 20 NW Four mangrove families in one Neotropical mangrove community Beach Forests salt and sand - species often seen in mangrove community Avicennia - Acanthanceae Laguncularia - Combretaceae Rhizophora - Rhizophoraceae Maytenus - Celastraceae Hibiscus tiliaceus Terminalia catappa Cocos nucifera Beach Forests salt and sand - species often seen in mangrove community woody climbers or runners Beach Forests Hippomane (Euphorbiaceae) - machaneel Coccoloba uvifera (Polygonaceae) - seaside grape
4 woody climbers or runners Beach Forests woody climbers or runners Beach Forests Scaevola (Goodeniaceae) Ipomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae) - morning glory Polihale State Park western Kauai Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) Solanum (Solanaceae) or Rain/Summer Green Forests Climate... wet-dry seasonal alternation equatorial trough OR subtropical high climate
5 or Rain/Summer Green Forests Climate... find this moving away from tropics or Rain/Summer Green Forests Climate... find this moving away from tropics 23N o Gradient evident in dry winter season from tropics to subtropics 0 o 23S o Also found in leeward sides of mountains - west Madagascar... and monsoon climate areas 0 o or Rain/Summer Green Forests Locations... or Rain/Summer Green Forests Locations... South America - N & S of Amazon, Central America & W. Indies W Africa & W Madagascar Southern Africa India, Indochina, Australia
6 Canopy closed in wet summer, but more open than tropical rainforest Canopy opens up in dry winter as some or many deciduous trees drop leaves - adaptation to xeric conditions Santa Rosa, Costa Rica dry forest, summer Forests closer to Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn have more pronounced dry winter season - and more pronounced deciduousness Alamos, Mexico (27 o N) Summer green, winter dry Enterlobium (Fabaceae) canopy Understory more developed - better light Flowering occurs at end of dry season when leafless Green (photosynthetic) stems common - no leaves during winter Bursera - Burseraceae, Mexico Hildegardia barteri - Malvaceae, Africa Ipomoea arborea (Convolvulaceae - Mexico) Ceiba acuminata (Malvaceae - Mexico)
7 Flowering occurs at end of dry season when leafless Flowering occurs at end of dry season when leafless Tabebuia (Bignoniaceae) Cochlospermum (Cochlospermaceae - Panama) Spines (anti-herbivory) common on stems Same vegetation - different flora Flacourtia (Flacourtiaceae Thailand) Pachira - Malvaceae, Mexico Ceiba (kapok- Malvaceae), Brazil Acadia (Fabaceae, Mexico) Deckenia, palm cabbage, Seychelles Astrocaryum (palm- Mexico)
8 Bottle trees - water storage Adansonia (Malvaceae) Madagascar & Africa & Australia Bottle trees - water storage: different genera in different areas Cola (silk cotton tree, Malvaceae), Peru Brachychiton (Malvaceae, Australia) parasites common epiphytes or lianas rare Mistletoe (Loranthaceae-Venezuela) Rhipsalis baccifera (Cactaceae - Africa) Mistletoe (Loranthaceae-Mexico) Stemona (Stemonaceae - Thailand)
9 Open forest with small deciduous trees or shrubs heavily protected by thorns Location in subtropical latitudes between dry forests and deserts... Location in subtropical latitudes between dry forests and deserts... or on elevational gradient below tropical deciduous forests Open forest with small deciduous trees or shrubs heavily protected by thorns Acacia - legume - worldwide Acacia - spines for protection also house ants that patrol plant
10 Open forest with small deciduous trees or shrubs heavily protected by thorns Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) Floristic differences pronounced Ethiopia Cactaceae Mexico Open forest with small deciduous trees or shrubs heavily protected by thorns Floristic differences pronounced Senecio (Asteraceae) Canary Islands Alluaudia and relatives (Didiereaceae) southern Madagascar Low scrub vegetation grading into deserts; convergence of leafless, green-stemmed shrubs with heavy spines Tall grasslands with widely scattered trees and shrubs Low to intermediate elevations where seasonal drought and fire combine to favor perennial grasses and limit tree growth Rutaceae, Mexico Opuntia (Cactaceae) south Texas Oleaceae, south Texas Koeberlinia (Koberliniaceae) Mexico
11 Tall grasslands with widely scattered trees and shrubs Seasonal drought and fire combine to favor perennial grasses and limit tree growth Tall grasslands with widely scattered trees and shrubs Seasonal drought and fire combine to favor perennial grasses and limit tree growth Venezuelan llanos Termites and fire go together in savanna biome Specialized soil types can produce tropical savannas Calcium carbonate hardpan Queensland, Australia Venezuelan llanos Serengeti hardpan with Acacia (Fabaceae)
12 : small trees, crowns umbrella-like trunks thick and rough leaves xeromorphic or are shed in dry season : small trees, crowns umbrella-like trunks thick and rough leaves xeromorphic or are shed in dry season Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae), llanos South African savanna leaf convergence (white rhinoceros diet) xylopodia ( wooden feet ) in Brazilian cerrados xylopodia ( wooden feet ) in Madagascar savanna Asteraceae sunflower family
13 Specialized Tropical Savanna Amazonian white sand savanna nutrient poor: Specialized Tropical Savanna Amazonian white sand savanna - nutrient poor: More genera of carnivorous plants here than anywhere else in the world! Utricularia (bladderwort) - carnivorous Brocchinia (Bromeliaceae) - some carnivorous Specialized Tropical Savanna Amazonian laja - bare rock: Venezuelan laja with burned Vellozia
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