Indonesian Tuna at Global Market

Transcription

1 Indonesian Tuna at Global Market Sustainable Fisheries Partnership August 2008 According to FISHTAT-FAO data, global annual catches of tuna species tended to continuously increase with some fluctuation, from 430 thousands t in 1950 to 5 million t in The average annual growth of tuna catches is at level of 4% per year. This total landing consists of at least 13 tuna species and dominated by skipjack tuna, contributing almost 49% of total tuna landings in the world, followed by yellowfin tuna (22%), bigeye tuna (8%), albacore (6%), frigate and bullet tuna (5%) and long tail tuna (5%). There are seven tuna species that are of international economic importance: skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), albacore (Thunnus alalunga), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), and Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). At global level, skipjack tuna shows tendency to keep increasing with considerably fast path, from 159 thousands t in 1950 to almost 2.5 million t in On the other hand, yellowfin tuna, which in the beginning grew at slower path than skipjack tuna, shows the downward trend in the last three years, declining from 1.4 million t in 2003 to 1.1 million t in Albacore catches were stable over the years, while bigeye tuna catches went up. Japan is the leading country in terms of tuna catch. During the period , total tuna landings from Japan contribute 20% of world total. However, during the last few years, tuna landings in Japan followed the worldwide trend of lower production. Catches declined by nearly 30% during the last 8 years, from 723 thousands t in 1998 to 510 thousands t in Meanwhile, Indonesia started to grow as one of the biggest tuna suppliers in the last twenty years and the production reached 562 thousands t in 2006 (11% of total world landings), slightly exceeding landings from Japan. Other important tuna catching nations are Philippines (9.6%), Taiwan Province of China (7.5%), the Republic of Korea (5.8%), Ecuador (4.27%) and Papua New Guinea (3.4%). Global canned tuna production has been growing from 611 thousands t in 1979 to 1.6 million t in The species of tuna which are canned most frequently are skipjack, yellowfin and albacore tuna. Thailand which had not produced any canned tuna until 1980s, in only ten years it became one of the most powerful producers of canned tuna in the world and is currently the biggest canned tuna production in the world. In 2006, total canned tuna production from Thailand reached 400 thousands t. Thailand has been the biggest canned tuna producing country since 2001, 1

2 contributing almost 24% of total canned tuna production in the world, followed by Spain (13.6%), U.S. (12%), and Ecuador (11%). Although Indonesia is one of the biggest tuna fishing nations, in terms of canned processing, Indonesia only contribute about 2.7% of total canned processing in the world in 2006 with total production of 44.6 thousands t, about 6.2 thousands t less than 2005 production when it reached its peak. Tunas are among the most important fish commodities in the world. Tuna is the third major fish commodity traded internationally- after shrimp and groundfish, with about 9% of total trade in value terms. The main internationally traded tuna forms are raw material for canning (fresh, frozen and frozen pre-cooked loins), tuna for direct consumption (fresh/chilled and frozen) and canned (solid pack, chunks, flakes, grated). The main imported frozen tuna commodities are skipjack and yellowfin in terms of quantity, while frozen bigeye and yellowfin are the main imported commodities in terms of value. World imports of fresh and frozen tuna increased from 540 thousands t in 1979 to 1.8 million t in In terms of value, world imports of fresh and frozen tuna increased from USD 764 million in 1979 to USD 3.6 billion in In 1979 the unit value was about USD 1,400/t, in the late eighties, the unit value increased sharply to stabilize at around USD 2,000/t at present. Total world canned tuna imports reached 1 million t in 2004, quite an impressive growth during the past years. Import value reflected the sharp decline in prices in 2000, but is now back to USD 3.3 billion in The unit value of canned tuna has experienced some up-and-downs through the past years, hitting the ground at 2.2 USD per kg in 1985 (first tuna crisis) and more recently in Unit value is slowly recovering. In 2006, unit value is back to USD 3 per kg. Thailand and Japan have been the biggest importing countries of fresh and frozen tuna. Both countries contribute to almost 60% of total world fresh and frozen import. In terms of imports volume, Thailand is the biggest importing country for fresh and frozen tuna, contributing more than 42% of world import of this product. Thailand mainly imports frozen skipjack for its canneries. Japan is the second major importer of fresh and frozen tuna, contributing to almost 16% of world import, mainly importing frozen bluefin, bigeye and yellowfin tuna for the sashimi market. Thailand imports of fresh and frozen tuna increased from 21 thousands t in 1984 to 783 thousands t in 2006, with 14% of average annual growth per year. The biggest fresh and frozen tuna supplier to Thailand is Taiwan (Province of China), contributing almost 23% of total Thai import of fresh and frozen tuna in 2007, followed by Vanuatu (18.7%), Korea (12%), Japan (10%), Maldives (5.8%), China (5.5%) and Indonesia (4.3%). Japan imports of fresh and frozen tuna increased from 100 thousands t in 1979 to 399 thousands t in 2002 when it reached its peak. In 2003, the imports started to decline and reached the lowest point at 290 thousands t in 2006, almost 19% decline compared to 2005 and more than 30% decline compared to Among the suppliers, Indonesia was the leader (mainly yellowfin and bigeye) with a 28% share in the air-flown tuna imports for sashimi into Japan. The other main exporters were Australia (southern bluefin, bigeye, yellowfin and albacore), Mexico (bluefin), Sri Lanka (bigeye and bluefin) and Taiwan Province of China (yellowfin and bigeye). 2

3 U.S. used to be the biggest fresh and frozen tuna importer until 1987, followed by Japan and Thailand. U.S. import of fresh and frozen tuna started to decline sharply since 1999, when its total import dropped by more than 47% from previous year, which was from 154 thousands t in 1998 to 105 thousands t in The U.S. fresh and frozen tuna imports keep declining until recently and it reached the lowest point of 34 thousands t in The significant decline in U.S. fresh and frozen tuna imports were related to the decline in the demand for raw materials for canned tuna production due to the closing down of many of canneries in the U.S. considering high labor costs in country. Indonesia is the biggest fresh and frozen tuna supplier to the U.S. contributing about 36% of total USA fresh and frozen tuna import in 2007, followed by Philippines (23%), Canada (5%), and Korea (3%). In terms of fresh and frozen tuna export, Taiwan (Province of China) contributes the biggest portion of total world fresh and frozen tuna export, contributing 24.4% of total fresh and frozen tuna export in 2006, followed by Spain (12.4%), France (8.6%), and Korea (6.8%). Indonesia contributes to about 3% of total fresh and frozen tuna exports in the world, with total export reached about 45 thousands t in Indonesian fresh and frozen tuna export reached its peak in 2003, with 70.2 thousands t. However, in 2004, fresh and frozen tuna export started to decline. U.S. is by far the biggest canned tuna importing country, contributing to about 16% of total world canned tuna imports, followed by European countries. All together, canned tuna European importing countries - that consist of UK, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, etc - contribute to 44% of total world canned import. U.S. imports of canned tuna increased significantly from 26.7 thousands t in 1979 to 211 thousands t in 2003 when it reached its peak. The country has experienced a decline in 2004 and 2006, where the U.S. canned tuna imported dropped slightly to 189 thousands t in In terms of value, U.S. imports of canned tuna increased from USD 70 million in 1979 to USD 527 million t in Thailand continues to be the main supplier to the US market, contributing almost 50% of total U.S. canned import every year, followed by Philippines (17%), Ecuador (9.4%) and Indonesia (8.7%). In terms of canned tuna export, Thailand dominates the world canned tuna export, contributing more than 46% of total canned export in the world in 2006, followed by Ecuador (9.7%), Spain (6.4%), Mauritius (4.8%) and Indonesia (4.4%). Indonesia contributes more than 4% of total canned tuna exports in the world, with total export reached about 50 thousands t in 2005 but then declined slightly to 47 thousands t in Indonesia's total tuna landing in 2004 amounted to some 624,000 t, compared to 39,000 in 1970, with an average growth rate of 7 percent per annum. However, since 2005, the landings of tuna started to decline to 574,000 t in that year and dropped again to 562,000 t in There are at least 10 tuna species caught in Indonesian waters where skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) contributes the biggest portion of tuna from Indonesia, covering more than 45% of total Indonesian tuna landings, followed by long tail tuna Thunnus tongol (16.17%), frigate tuna Auxis thazard (15.56%), yellowfin tuna- Thunnus albacares (9.84%), bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus (6.36%) and albacore Thunnus alalunga (4.39%). From total Indonesian landings of all tuna species, about 60% of them are commercially important species and amounted to 372 thousands t in This total landing 3

4 consists of 5 species: skipjack tuna (62%), yellowfin tuna (29%), bigeye tuna (7%), albacore (1%), and Southern bluefin tuna (1%). The Western Central Pacific Ocean currently supports the largest industrial tuna fishery in Indonesia, contributing to almost 80% of total Indonesian tuna production with total catch of approximately 450,000 t in Meanwhile, Eastern Indian Ocean contributes to 20% of total tuna catch from Indonesia, with total catch of 113,000 t in Landings of tuna in Eastern Indian Ocean of Indonesia waters show the tendency to decline since 2000 until now. Landings of tuna in that area reached its peak with 169,000 t in 1999 and dropped to 113,000 in Landings of tuna in Western Central Pacific Ocean of Indonesian waters started to decline recently. In 2004, the catch reached its peak with 493,000 t and then dropped slightly to 449,000 t in In terms of coastal landings, Maluku-Papua contributes the biggest tuna landings since 1990 to 2006, contributing 26% of total landings of tuna in Indonesia, followed by North Sulawesi (24%), Bali-Nusa Tenggara (16%), South Sulawesi (12%), North Java (10%) and West Sumatra (8%). Total Indonesian exports of fishery products in 2006 were valued at USD 2.1 billion, USD 190 million more than in Tuna products are the second biggest Indonesian fishery product exports, contributing 12% of total export value or about USD 250 million in Shrimp has been the biggest commodity export from Indonesia, contributing 53% of total export value or USD 1.1 billion in In terms of export volume, tuna contributed to about 10% of total export volume in 2006 or amounted to 91.8 thousands t. Indonesian tuna export started to grow rapidly from 1980s to earl 1990s. Indonesia tuna export in 1991 amounted to thousands t, compared to 14.4 thousands t in 1981, with an average growth rate of 17 percent per annum. However, started in 1992, the tuna export started to experience up and down, and reached its peak in 2003 with the total export amounted to 117 thousands t before start to decline until recently. In terms of the products, in the beginning fresh and frozen tuna dominated total export, covering more than 80% of total export until early Export of canned tuna started to grow rapidly in 1991, contributing to 40% of total export compared to 26% in previous year. Data from shows that exported tuna products are dominated by canned tuna (44%) with the average price of USD 2,479 per t, followed by frozen tuna (29%) with the average price of USD 1,022 per t and fresh tuna or high quality tuna (27%) for sashimi with the average price of USD 3,784 per t. Historically, Japan has been the biggest market for Indonesian tuna export. In terms of export value, during period , 44% of total Indonesian tuna export went to Japan, followed by U.S. (27%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Germany (4%), and Singapore (3%). Other important countries for Indonesian tuna market are Jordanian (3%), Netherland (2%), Thailand (1%), Hong Kong (1%), Australia (1%), United Kingdom (1%) and Belgium (1%). In 2006, from total 45 thousands t of Indonesia fresh and frozen tuna export, about 15 thousands t was exported to Thailand, 15 thousands t (using 2004 data) to Japan, 2.7 thousands t was exported to U.S. So it means that both Thailand and 4

5 Japan have already contributed to more than 60% of total Indonesian fresh and frozen tuna export. From 47 thousands t Indonesian canned export, about 17.5 thousands t (or 37%) was exported to U.S. and 7.8 thousands t (or 17%) to European Union countries. It means that U.S. and European Union has been the most important market destination for Indonesian canned tuna products. Indonesia s tuna industries began in 1965 when Indonesia s first commercial tuna longline operation with one company, B.P.U. Perikanan that had two vessels (modified pole and line vessels of 167 and 185 GT), which were gifts from Japanese Government, established. In 1985 the Japanese sashimi market opened to fresh tuna imports from Indonesia and in the years that followed Indonesia s commercial tuna longline fishery underwent dramatic expansion both at Benoa (Bali) and at Muara Baru (North Java). From 36 vessels (34 Indonesian) in 1986, the number of longline vessels based in Indonesia and operating in the Indian Ocean waters had increased by year 1991 to 536 (158 Indonesian). The majority of foreign vessels were Taiwanese, but there were also vessels from Japan, Korea, Honduras, and Philippines. In 1998 the Indonesian government introduced regulations requiring all fishing vessels based in Indonesian ports to be Indonesian flagged, and by 2000 all vessels were officially classed as Indonesian-owned vessels. Meanwhile, in eastern part of Indonesia (Western Central Pacific Ocean), Bitung (North Sulawesi), Kendari (Southeast Sulawesi), Ternate (Maluku), Sorong, Biak and Jayapura (Papua) became important base for tuna landings. These location also became base for some fishing companies that are involved with catching tuna, processing and export. In 2003, Indonesian fleet comprised the followings: 2013 longliners with available super-cold storage facilities which target yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna for Japanese sashimi market; 279 tuna pole and line vessels which target skipjack tuna, in particular for processing into fushi (dried and smoked skipjack tuna) but also for canning; and 1474 purse seiners whose contribution for catches is very limited. In 2001, MMAF estimated the presence of 25 tuna processing factories, 16 of which were canneries with 9 factories processing into fushi (dried and smoked products). Approximately 30,000 t (though the production capacity is 70,000 t) of canned tuna is produced per annum, whereas the production of fushi products is 7,000 t per annuum. Its production is mainly skipjack for the international market (Japan, U.S., Middle East and Northern Europe). At least there are more than 50 tuna Indonesian exporters to U.S. market. These exporters also export tuna to other countries, such as Japan and European countries. Sources: Catarci, C The World Tuna Industry An Analysis of Imports and Prices, and of Their Combined Impact on Catches and Tuna Fishing Capacity. FAO. CSIRO The catch of SBT by the Indonesian longline fishery operating out of Benoa, Bali in Prepared by Proctor, C. R. Andamari. D. Retnowati. M.Herrera, F.Poisson, S.Fujiwara, T.L.Davis Prepared for the CCSBT 7th Meeting of the Stock Assessment Group (SAG7) and the 11 th Meeting of the Extended Scientific 5

6 Committee (ESC11) September, and September 2006, Tokyo, Japan. CSIRO-FAO-DKP-IOTC De Leiva Moreno, J.I and J.Majkowski Tuna Resources. Marine Resources Service (FIRM). Fishery Resources Division (FIR). Fisheries Department (FI). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome, Italy FAO Studies of Indonesian tuna fisheries, Part 1: Interactions between coastal and offshore tuna fisheries in Manado and Bitung, North Sulawesi FISHSTAT-FAO. Capture Production Gillet, B Report of Visit to Indonesia: Information on Longline and Pole/Line Vessels in the Pacific Area %20--%20Gillett.pdf GLOBEFISH Commodity Update on Tuna. May INFOFISH Domestic Seafood Consumption-A Key Factor Influencing Japan s Fishery Imports. By Fatima Ferdouse. IOTC (Indian Ocean Tuna Commission) Report of the First Session of the IOTC Working Party on Bycatch. Phuket, Thailand, 20 July, R%5BEN%5D.pdf IOTC (Indian Ocean Tuna Commission) Preliminary Results of the Multilateral Catch Monitoring Programme on fresh-tuna longliners operating from ports in Indonesia. DGCF-RCCF-IOTC/OFCF-CSIRO/ACIAR/DAFF IUCN Sustainable Tuna Roundtable Meeting Report. April 21, Brussels- Belgium. _report.pdf Josupeit, H Global World Tuna Market. Infofish Tuna Conference. FAO. Bangkok. 3-5 June Lovita, F Five Important Fisheries of Indonesia. As Part of South East Asia Pacific Ocean Region. The State and Opportunities for Management Improvement. Prepared for Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. February 2008 Nainggolan.K. Major Issues and Challenges for Improving the Marketing and Distribution of Agricultural Products. 6

7 Napitupulu Profile of Indonesian Penaeid Shrimps. A report developed for Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. NOAA Japan Tuna Market. Oceanic Development The European Tuna Sector: Economic Situation, Prospects and Analysis of the Impact of Liberalization of Trade. Summary.Final Report. Oceanic Development The European Tuna Sector: Economic Situation, Prospects and Analysis of the Impact of Liberalization of Trade. Summary.Final Report. Report of the Indonesian Catch Monitoring Review Workshop RFMO Report of the Joint Meeting of Tuna RFMOs. January 22 26, 2007 Kobe, Japan. Satria, A. Indonesia Fishery Agenda Tempo Newspaper, 2 January 2007 South Pacific Commission Bycatch and Discards in Western Pacific Tuna Fisheries: A Review of SPC Data Holdings and Literature. Oceanic Fisheries Programme. Technical Report No Surjadi, S South East Asia Pacific Fisheries: Tuna. Report prepared for Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. August Uktolseja, J.C.B., R.Purwasasmita, K.Susanto, and A.B. Sulistiadji Large Pelagic Resources in National Commission on Stock Assessment of Fishery Resources. Potentials and Distribution of Fishery Resources in Indonesia Waters. Uktolseja, Jacobus C.B The Status of Indonesian Tuna Fisheries in the Indian Ocean. Research Institute for Marine Fisheries. Jakarta. Indonesia. Vera, C.A. and Z. Hipolito The Philippines Tuna Industry: A Profile. ICSF. ALL.pdf WCPFC Report of the Eastern Indonesia Tuna Fishery Data Collection Workshop January 2007 Jakarta, Indonesia. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. February Yamashita, H Problems of Export-Oriented Yellowfin Tuna Industry -Indonesia and the Philippines- Meikai University, yamaharu@meikai.ac.jp 7