INTRODUCTION TO WEIGHING
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1 Popcorn Experiment: Report Form Page B-3 REPORT FORM INTRODUCTION TO WEIGHING Name Section Grade /10 Partner's Name PART I. AVERAGE MASS OF A POPCORN KERNEL AND MASS LOST ON POPPING POPCORN 1. Average Mass of Popcorn Kernel: Data Collection Use the table on the next page to record the mass of the kernels before and after popping. 2. Handling Your Data The sections that follow involve calculations based on the data you have collected in the first part of the experiment. We ask that you do the actual numerical work on scratch paper and then only outline the calculation on this report form. This procedure should be followed in all experiments this semester. Please work neatly and concisely, and pay attention to significant figures. In any science, the collection and analysis of data are of central importance. Therefore, many of the experiments for this semester depend on and illustrate these concepts. One important aspect of data analysis is the recognition of the validity of the data collected. There are very strict statistical guidelines that allow us to retain or reject data, but it is often clear to the trained scientist when an experiment has not gone properly and the data may be disregarded. One of the first steps in this experiment is to decide which, if any, of the pieces of data you collected are bad. You may reject as invalid the data for kernels of corn that are incompletely popped, are burned, have broken, or are not dry. Before proceeding to the first calculation, therefore, identify the invalid data and tell why you will not use it in the calculations that follow. (a) Data rejected and reason for rejection.
2 Page B 4 Popcorn Experiment: Report Form Your Data Kernel Mass Before Popping Mass After Popping Mass Loss Fraction of Mass Lost Percent Mass Lost Averages Your Partner s Data Kernel Mass Before Popping Mass After Popping Mass Loss Fraction of Mass Lost Percent Mass Lost Averages Averages from the two data sets: Average mass before popping = g Average percent mass lost = %
3 Popcorn Experiment: Report Form Page B-5 (b) For each kernel (using your data and your partner s) calculate the mass lost, the fraction of the original mass of each kernel lost on heating, and then the percent of the mass lost by each kernel. Finally, calculate the average mass of kernels and the average percent mass lost. Enter the calculated values into the data table. Fraction of mass loss = Mass lost Mass before popping % Mass loss = Mass lost Mass before popping x 100% 3. Using Your Data and Calculated Averages (a) The Number of Kernels Per Pound In this section you want to calculate the number of kernels in one pound (453.6 g) of popcorn. Here is your chance to use the dimensional analysis approach that we have been using in lecture. For example, the answer you want should come out in units of kernels grams. Because you are using numbers that have units of pound pound g of kernels in one pound of corn kernels) and grams kernel (that is, there are (this is the number you calculated from the data in the table above), you can get the answer in the desired units from the following multiplication.? grams x 1 kernel 1 pound? grams =? kernels 1 pound Note: this is the reciprocal of the number calculated in the data table. Turn over the number and you turn over the units.
4 Page B 6 Popcorn Experiment: Report Form (b) Number of Grams of Water Lost per Pound of Popcorn Calculate the mass of water lost (in grams) by a pound of popcorn.you can use dimensional analysis here as well. Your answer should come out in units of grams water lost 1 pound of corn. To get you started, recognize that the percent mass loss is the same as grams water lost 100 g corn, and you know from part 2 above that there are g corn. 1 pound of corn (c) Moles of Water Lost Per Pound of Popcorn To do this calculation, you should first review the concepts of the chemical mole and molar mass. See your text book, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, page 91. (a) What is the molar mass of H 2 O? g/mol (b) How many moles of water are lost when one pound (453.6 g) of popcorn kernels is popped? Here you want your answer to come out in units of moles of H 2 O 1 pound of kernels. To calculate this you know two pieces of information: grams H 2 O 1 mole of water grams H (the molar mass of water) and 2 O lost 1 pound of kernels from part b above. Combine these numbers to get the correct units.
5 Popcorn Experiment: Report Form Page B-7 PART II. FINDING THE MASS OF A MOLE OF POPCORN KERNELS There are two ways to find the mass of a mole of popcorn kernels. 1. Use the average mass of one popcorn kernel and Avogadro s Number. 2. Extrapolate the measured masses of groups of kernels to Avogadro s number of kernels. 1. Calculating the Mass of a Mole of Popcorn Kernels from the Average Mass of One Popcorn Kernel One of the most important concepts in chemistry is Avogadro's Hypothesis: (See Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 5th edition, page 58.) 1 mole of any substance contains the same number of particles. Specifically, 1 mole contains Avogadro's number of particles where x Therefore, in 1 mole of water there are x H 2 O molecules and in 1 mole of popcorn kernels there are x kernels. Here you want find how many grams this mole of popcorn kernels weighs. To do this you know from Part I above grams kernel combined to give you grams mole of popcorn and you have Avogadro's number in kernels. These numbers may be mole of popcorn One mole of popcorn = g/mol
6 Page B 8 Popcorn Experiment: Report Form 2. Developing an Equation to Find the Mass of Avogadro s Number of Popcorn Kernels You may work with a partner to collect and analyze data on this portion of the experiment. (a) Collecting the Data 1. Determine the mass of 5 popcorn kernels and enter it in the data table below. 2. Determine the mass of some small number of kernels, say 10-15, and enter this into the data table. 3. Determine the mass of some larger number of kernels, say 30-50, and enter this into the data table. You should have at least three data sets. Number of Kernels Mass (g) 4. Use MS Excel or the plotting program on the General Chemistry Interactive CD-ROM to plot your data. (On the latest version of the CD-ROM the program is called Mr. Plot for both Macs and PCs.) Plot the data with the number of kernels on the horizontal (x) axis, and the mass of the kernels on the vertical (y) axis. Please print the plot and hand it in with your report. (b) Using the Data 1. Make sure that your graph goes to at least 100 kernels on the horizontal (x) axis. Read from your graph The mass of 85 kernels = g The mass of 100 kernels = g 2. The plotting programs will give you the following information: Slope of the line = Intercept of the line = (This value should be very close to zero.)
7 Popcorn Experiment: Report Form Page B-9 Now you can use this information to find the equation that relates the mass of popcorn kernels to the number of kernels. The equation of a straight line has the form y = mx + b where y is the mass of the kernels, m is the slope of the line (the mass per kernel), and b is the intercept of the line (which, as noted above, should be very close to zero). y m = slope of line (mass of kernels) b = intercept y = mx + b x (number of kernels) Based on your data, you have m =, and b =. Your equation is Use your equation to find: (i) The average mass of a kernel. This is the same as the slope of the line, m = mass (g) kernel. Average mass = g. Does this value agree with the value calculated in Part I? (i) The mass of 453 kernels = (Show how you did this calculation.) (ii) The mass of Avogadro s number of kernels (Show how you did this calculation.) Does this value agree with the value calculated from your average mass?
8 Page B 10 Popcorn Experiment: Report Form
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