QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CARBON-CARBON UNSATURATION AND ALCOHOL FUNCTIONS (12/23/2009)
|
|
- Joanna Pope
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR IDENTIFIATION OF ARBON-ARBON UNSATURATION AND ALOOL FUNTIONS (12/23/2009) In this experiment we will examine two reagents (bromine in carbon tetrachloride and aqueous potassium permanganate) which are widely used for qualitative identification of carbon-carbon unsaturation and three reagents (chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrochloric-zinc chloride) which are widely used for qualitative identification of alcohols. Please handle these reagents with care and avoid contact with skin. Bromine causes chemical burns, permanganate causes stubborn to remove stains, and chromic acid and Lucas reagent are very strongly acidic solutions. Reagents for Detection of Unsaturation Bromine in arbon Tetrachloride This reagent is commonly used to identify the presence of olefinic or acetylenic functions. The red bromine color of this reagent is discharged when the unsaturated function reacts with the bromine. This reagent should be used in conjunction with the aqueous permanganate reagent to avoid erroneous conclusions. Erroneous results with the bromine reagent may occur for two reasons. Firstly, not all olefinic or acetylenic compounds take up bromine. When electron withdrawing groups are attached to the unsaturated carbon atoms the uptake of bromine is considerably slowed and in extreme cases completely stopped Br fast Br 2 Br slow 6 5 O 2 + Br BrBrO 2 Secondly, some other functionalities discharge the bromine color but with the evolution of hydrogen bromide. That is to say, they undergo bromine substitution instead of bromine addition. ompounds which undergo substitution extremely rapidly are phenols, enols, and anilines. Thus, a positive test for unsaturation is one that discharges the bromine color without the evolution of hydrogen bromide. Procedure: Add 1 drop of the liquid (or the tip of a microspatula of a solid plus 3 drops of ethanol) to a small test tube and then add a 5% (0.3 M) solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride drop by drop (with agitation) until the bromine color remains. Run this test on (1) cyclohexene, (2) cyclohexane, (3) ethanol, and (4) cinnamic acid and record your observations. For the cinnamic acid, let the test tube sit and check it periodically during the remainder of the lab period to see how long it takes for the bromine color to disappear.
2 Aqueous Potassium Permanganate The purple permanganate color of this reagent is discharged by olefinic and acetylenic functions. This is known as the Baeyer test for unsaturation. In cold (room temperature or below) dilute aqueous solutions the main products from the reaction of an olefin with permanganate are the corresponding vicinal diol and manganese dioxide (brown solid). Acetylenes produce the corresponding diones. If heated these initial products undergo further oxidation, leading eventually to carbon chain cleavage with the formation of carboxylic acids. This test is very general and gives positive tests with those unsaturated compounds that do not decolorize bromine in carbon tetrachloride. R R + KMnO O R R + MnO KO O O R O R O further oxidation 2 RO 2 Two cautions are in order when using the Baeyer test. Firstly, aldehydes give positive tests because they are readily oxidized to carboxylic acids by permanganate. Secondly, although pure alcohols do not react within 5 minutes, they often contain trace impurities that are easily oxidized and give a slight reaction. Likewise alkanes often contain trace amounts of olefins as impurities and may give a slight reaction. For these reasons decolorization of a drop or two of the reagent should not be accepted as a positive test. Procedure: Add 4 drops of the liquid (or the tip of a microspatula of a solid) to be tested to 1 ml (~20 drops) of ethanol in a small test tube. Then add a 1% potassium permanganate solution drop by drop with shaking until a dark precipitate forms or the purple color of the permanganate persists. Run this test on the same compounds used in the bromine test above and record your observations. If decolorization doesn't occur in ~1 minute, allow the mixture to stand for 5 minutes with occasional shaking. Perform both the above tests with the two unknowns and report your observations and conclusions. hromic Acid Reagents for Detection and lassification of Alcohols This reagent provides a rapid method for the detection of alcohol functions and also allows for distinguishing primary and secondary alcohols from tertiary alcohols. When a solution of the alcohol in acetone is treated with several drops of the chromic acid solution, the orange-red color of the chromic acid is discharged and a green to blue opaque suspension of chromium(iii) sulfate is formed. Primary and secondary alcohols react within 2 seconds but tertiary alcohols do not.
3 Tertiary alcohols will eventually react when allowed to stand for longer periods of time in the strongly acidic solution. Aldehydes give a positive tests, but olefins, acetylenes, amines, ethers, and ketones give negative tests within 2 seconds. R 2 O + 2 ro SO 4 RO 2 + r 2 (SO 4 ) O R 2 O + 2 ro SO 4 R 2 O + r 2 (SO 4 ) O Procedure: Add 1 drop of the liquid to be tested to 1 ml of reagent grade acetone in a small test tube. Then add 1 drop of the chromic acid reagent and note the result within 2 seconds. A positive test is for the orange color of the chromic acid to be replaced by a green to blue opaque suspension. Run this test on (1) 1-butanol, (2) 2-butanol, and (3) 1,1 dimethylethanol (tbutanol) and record your observations. ydrochloric Acid-Zinc hloride (Lucas Reagent) Only tertiary alcohols and alcohols that can form carbocations of equal stability to tertiary carbocations react with concentrated hydrochloric acid to produce alkyl chlorides. owever, alcohols are more reactive towards Lucas reagent than with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The zinc chloride is a potent Lewis acid and forms such a strong Lewis acid-base complex with the hydroxyl group that it becomes a better leaving group than even water. Thus, Lucas reagent allows for distinguishing primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols from one another. Primary alcohols are essentially inert towards Lucas reagent at ordinary temperatures, but secondary and tertiary alcohols are converted into their alkyl chlorides at easily discernible different rates by Lucas reagent. Because a positive test depends upon the appearance of the alkyl chloride as a second liquid phase, the test is clearly limited to alcohols that are soluble in the reagent. This usually limits the test to monofunctional alcohols with less than 6 carbons and to certain polyfunctional alcohols such as glycols. Tertiary alcohols give positive tests in less than 1 minute, whereas secondary alcohols begin to show milky emulsions within 5 minutes with a distinct layer visible in about 10 minutes. R 3 O l R 3 O 2 O R 3 + l R 3 l l R 2 O Znl 2 l R 2 O Znl OZnl R 2 l R 3 O Znl 2 R 3 O Znl OZnl R 3 + l R 3 l l
4 Procedure: To 3 drops of the alcohol in a small test tube add 1 ml of Lucas reagent which has been warmed to ~25 o. Using a gloved finger, stopper the tube and shake. Allow the mixture to stand and note the time required for the formation of the alkyl chloride, which appears as a milky emulsion or a second layer. Run this test on (1) 1-butanol, (2) 2-butanol, (3) 1,1 dimethylethanol (t-butanol) and record your observations. Repeat this procedure using concentrated hydrochloric acid in place of the Lucas reagent and record your observations. Perform the tests for detection and classification of alcohols with the two unknowns given by your TA and report your observations and conclusions. Record the unknown code in you lab notebook. Lab Notebook Preparation Prior to lab, prepare tables similar to the example provided for each of the five tests that are to be performed during the lab period. These will serve for all of your data and observation entries. onclusions should also be entered directly into the tables and turned in by the end of the lab period you complete the experiment in. Some points, which are normally assigned to the postlab exercise have been redistributed to these conclusions. The experiment s Postlab Exercise is due one week following the completion of the experiment. NOTE: Some of the reactions can (or should be) observed immediately; others should be observed over a period of time. WASTE DISPOSAL INFORMATION 1. Detection of Unsaturation Tests a. Br 2 in l 4 TEST: Discard ALL test solutions in alogenated Waste ontainer. b. KMnO 4 (aq) TEST: Test solutions containing yclohexene & exane go into NON-halogenated Waste ontainer. 2. DETETION & LASSIFIATION OF ALOOLS Use sink for disposal (with plenty of running water).
5 Name: Section: Date: POSTLAB EXERISE FOR: QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR IDENTIFIATION OF ARBON-ARBON UNSATURATION AND ALOOL FUNTIONS (12/23/2009) >>Due the lab following the completion of the experimental portion of the notebook (30 pts. TOTAL). Please answer the questions on this form. << SUMMARY (21pts) The summary is in the form of conclusions for each of the tests performed and (should be) included in your notebook s experimental section. 1. onclusions for the unsaturation tests (3pts/test = 12 pts.). 2. onclusions for the alcohol tests (2pts/test = 10 pts.). QUESTIONS (9pts) Based upon the background information provided on the above qualitative tests and your observations, answer the following two questions on this form and include turn them in with your lab notebook pages. 1. (3pts) A compound that is known to be one of the three shown below gives a negative bromine test, but a positive permanganate test. Which is the correct structure? O 3 2 O ( 3 ) O 2 A B 2. (6pts) An alcohol gives a positive Lucas test, but does not react with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Would you expect this alcohol to give a positive or negative chromic acid test? Explain.
Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds
Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds Introduction The identification and characterization of the structures of unknown substances are an important part of organic chemistry. Although it is often
More informationCHM220 Addition lab. Experiment: Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes*
CM220 Addition lab Experiment: Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes* Purpose: To investigate the physical properties, solubility, and density of some hydrocarbon. To compare the chemical reactivity
More informationLaboratory 22: Properties of Alcohols
Introduction Alcohols represent and important class of organic molecules. In this experiment you will study the physical and chemical properties of alcohols. Solubility in water, and organic solvents,
More informationExperiment #8 properties of Alcohols and Phenols
Introduction Experiment #8 properties of Alcohols and Phenols As has been mentioned before, over 20 million organic compounds have been identified. If each substance had to be studied as an entity completely
More informationExperiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, IR of Unknown
Experiment 6 Qualitative Tests for Alcohols, Alcohol Unknown, I of Unknown In this experiment you are going to do a series of tests in order to determine whether or not an alcohol is a primary (1 ), secondary
More informationAustin Peay State University Department of Chemistry CHEM 1021 TESTING FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
TESTING FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Caution: Chromic acid is hazardous as are many of the organic substances in today s experiment. Treat all unknowns with extreme care. Many organic substances are flammable.
More informationProperties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3
Properties of Alcohols and Phenols Experiment #3 Objectives: To observe the solubility of alcohols relative to their chemical structure, to perform chemical tests to distinguish primary, secondary and
More informationSaturated NaCl solution rubber tubing (2) Glass adaptor (2) thermometer adaptor heating mantle
EXPERIMENT 5 (Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan/Cherif Dehydration of Alcohols - Dehydration of Cyclohexanol Purpose - The purpose of this lab is to produce cyclohexene through the acid catalyzed elimination
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS
IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS Alcohols are organic compounds that which considered as derivatives of water. One of the hydrogen atoms of water molecule (H-O-H) has been replaced by an alkyl or substituted
More informationBut in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H 2 ; addition of O or O 2 ; addition of X 2 (halogens).
Reactions of Alcohols Alcohols are versatile organic compounds since they undergo a wide variety of transformations the majority of which are either oxidation or reduction type reactions. Normally: Oxidation
More informationChapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility
Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Deductions based upon interpretation of simple solubility tests can be extremely useful in organic structure determination. Both solubility and
More informationH H H O. Pre-Lab Exercises Lab 6: Organic Chemistry. Lab 6: Organic Chemistry Chemistry 100. 1. Define the following: a.
Lab 6: Organic hemistry hemistry 100 1. Define the following: a. ydrocarbon Pre-Lab Exercises Lab 6: Organic hemistry Name Date Section b. Saturated hydrocarbon c. Unsaturated hydrocarbon 2. The formula
More informationLABORATORY 5 DETECTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LABATY 5 DETETIN F FUNTINAL GUPS IN GANI MPUNDS I. haracteristic reactions differentiating saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons 1. The test of bromine addition. Unsaturated
More informationAvg. 16.4 / 25 Stnd. Dev. 8.2
QUIZ TREE Avg. 16.4 / 25 Stnd. Dev. 8.2 xidation of Alcohols with Chromium (VI): Jones xidation 2 Alcohols are oxidized by a solution of chromium trioxide in aqueous acetone (2), in the presence of an
More informationChapter 16: Tests for ions and gases
The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series Hydrogen, although not a metal, is included in the reactivity series because it, like metals, can be displaced from aqueous solution, only this time the
More informationALKENES AND ALKYNES REACTIONS A STUDENT WHO HAS MASTERED THE MATERIAL IN THIS SECTION SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
ALKENES AND ALKYNES REACTINS A STUDENT W AS MASTERED TE MATERIAL IN TIS SECTIN SULD BE ABLE T: 1. Given the starting materials and reaction conditions, predict the products of the following reactions of
More informationAssessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391)
NCEA Level 3 Chemistry (91391) 2013 page 1 of 8 Assessment Schedule 2013 Chemistry: Demonstrate understanding of the properties of organic compounds (91391) Evidence Statement Q Evidence Achievement Achievement
More informationIdentifying an Unknown Compound by Solubility, Functional Group Tests and Spectral Analysis
Identifying an Unknown Compound by Solubility, Functional Group Tests and Spectral Analysis This handout is a supplement to Signature Lab Series ANAL 0727 and contains material adapted from Signature Lab
More informationReactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones Structure Deduction using lassification Tests 1 Determination of Structure Determining the structure of an unknown organic compound is an exercise in deductive reasoning.
More informationUnit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test
Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test 2. Write the IUPAC names for the following organic molecules: a) acetone: propanone d) acetylene: ethyne b) acetic acid: ethanoic acid e)
More informationSanta Monica College Chemistry 11
Types of Reactions Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are as follows: To perform and observe the results of a variety of chemical reactions. To become familiar with the observable signs of chemical
More informationExperiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions
Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions A double displacement reaction involves two ionic compounds that are dissolved in water. In a double displacement reaction, it appears as though the ions are
More informationDehydrohalogenation of an Alkyl Halide
Dehydrohalogenation of an Alkyl alide Preparation and Characterization of an Alkene Mixture DID SOMEONE SAY VICTORY? OW ABOUT TAT GAME???? 1 Dehydrohalogenation Alkenes are most often prepared by dehydration
More informationCHM220 Nucleophilic Substitution Lab. Studying S N 1 and S N 2 Reactions: Nucloephilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon*
CHM220 Nucleophilic Substitution Lab Studying S N 1 and S N 2 Reactions: Nucloephilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon* Purpose: To convert a primary alcohol to an alkyl bromide using an S N 2 reaction
More informationQ.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula C 6 H 6
Aromatic compounds GE 1 BENZENE Structure Primary analysis revealed benzene had an... empirical formula of and a molecular formula of 6 6 Q.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula
More informationName Lab #3: Solubility of Organic Compounds Objectives: Introduction: soluble insoluble partially soluble miscible immiscible
Lab #3: Solubility of rganic Compounds bjectives: - Understanding the relative solubility of organic compounds in various solvents. - Exploration of the effect of polar groups on a nonpolar hydrocarbon
More informationOXIDATION-REDUCTION TITRATIONS-Permanganometry
Experiment No. Date OXIDATION-REDUCTION TITRATIONS-Permanganometry INTRODUCTION Potassium permanganate, KMnO 4, is probably the most widely used of all volumetric oxidizing agents. It is a powerful oxidant
More informationCopyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Fourteen 1
An alcohol has an OH bonded to an alkyl group; a phenol has an OH bonded directly to an aromatic ring; and an ether has an O bonded to two organic groups. Chapter Fourteen 1 Ethyl alcohol, dimethyl ether,
More informationProperties of Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids and Bases (Adapted from Flinn Scientific Acid Base Test Kit I #AP4567) Introduction Battery acid, stomach acid, acid rain just a few acids in our everyday life! What does it mean when
More informationBy Thomas K. Wray. They divide peroxidizable organic compounds into eight classes: Aldehydes. Ethers and acetals Dienes and vinyl acetylenes
DANGER: PEROXIDIZABLE CHEMICALS By Thomas K. Wray Many organic chemicals used in laboratory solutions and reagents can form potentially deadly peroxides - powerful oxidizing agents containing active oxygen
More informationChapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions
John E. McMurry www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions The α Position The carbon next to the carbonyl group is designated as being in the α position Electrophilic
More informationALCOHOLS: Properties & Preparation
ALLS: Properties & Preparation General formula: R-, where R is alkyl or substitued alkyl. Ar-: phenol - different properties. Nomenclature 1. ommon names: Name of alkyl group, followed by word alcohol.
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic substitution is the typical reaction type for aromatic rings. Generalized electrophilic aromatic substitution: E E Electrophile Lewis acid: may be or neutral.
More informationORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
(adapted from Blackburn et al., Laboratory Manual to Accompany World of hemistry, 2 nd ed., (1996) Saunders ollege Publishing: Fort Worth) Purpose: To become familiar with organic molecules in three dimensions
More informationEXPERIMENT 6 (Organic Chemistry II) Identification of Ketones and Aldehydes
EXPERIMENT 6 (rganic hemistry II) Identification of Ketones and Aldehydes Pahlavan/herif hemicals 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNP) 0.10 M AgN 3 2-propanol Benzaldehyde 10% Na 2-butanol Methyl ethyl Ketone
More informationCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS Purpose: It is important for chemists to be able to determine the composition of unknown chemicals. This can often be done by way of chemical tests.
More informationStains for Developing TLC Plates
Stains for Developing TLC Plates Once a TLC has been developed, it is frequently necessary to aid in the visualization of the components of a reaction mixture. This is true primarily because most organic
More informationINCOMPATIBILITY OF COMMON LABORATORY CHEMICALS
INCOMPATIBILITY OF COMMON LABORATORY CHEMICALS When certain hazardous chemicals are stored or mixed together, violent reactions may occur because the chemicals are unsuitable for mixing, or are incompatible.
More informationISOLATION OF CAFFEINE FROM TEA
ISLATIN F CAFFEINE FRM TEA Introduction In this experiment, caffeine is isolated from tealeaves. The chief problem with the isolation is that caffeine does not exist alone in the tealeaves, but other natural
More informationThe Aldol Condensation
The Aldol ondensation Synthesis and Analysis of 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone Yakety Sax Bennie ill theme song TPP eactions of Aldehydes and Ketones ' 1. Nucleophilic Addition. 2. Substitution at
More informationAlcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a benzene ring.
Chapter : rganic Compounds with xygen Alcohols, Ethers Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( H) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( H) attached to a benzene ring.
More informationOne problem often faced in qualitative analysis is to test for one ion in a
Chemistry 112 Laboratory: Silver Group Analysis Page 11 ANALYSIS OF THE SILVER GROUP CATIONS Ag + Pb Analysis of a Mixture of Cations One problem often faced in qualitative analysis is to test for one
More informationThe Chemistry of Carbohydrates
The Chemistry of Carbohydrates Experiment #5 Objective: To determine the carbohydrate class of an unknown by carrying out a series of chemical reactions with the unknown and known compounds in each class
More informationChemistry 112 Laboratory Experiment 6: The Reaction of Aluminum and Zinc with Hydrochloric Acid
Chemistry 112 Laboratory Experiment 6: The Reaction of Aluminum and Zinc with Hydrochloric Acid Introduction Many metals react with acids to form hydrogen gas. In this experiment, you will use the reactions
More informationThe Empirical Formula of a Compound
The Empirical Formula of a Compound Lab #5 Introduction A look at the mass relationships in chemistry reveals little order or sense. The ratio of the masses of the elements in a compound, while constant,
More informationOrganic Chemistry Lab Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Soap
Organic Chemistry Lab Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Soap Introduction A soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a long-chain fatty acid. The fatty acid usually contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
More informationEXPERIMENT FIVE. Preparation of Cyclohexene from Cyclohexanol: an Elimination Reaction DISCUSSION
EXPERIMENT FIVE Preparation of Cyclohexene from Cyclohexanol: an Elimination Reaction DISCUSSION A secondary alcohol, such as cyclohexanol, undergoes dehydration by an E1 mechanism. The key intermediate
More informationExperiment 3: Extraction: Separation of an Acidic, a Basic and a Neutral Substance
1 Experiment 3: Extraction: Separation of an Acidic, a Basic and a Neutral Substance Read pp 142-155, 161-162, Chapter 10 and pp 163-173, Chapter 11, in LTOC. View the videos: 4.2 Extraction (Macroscale);
More information17.5 ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC OXIDATION
17.5 ALLYLI AND BENZYLI XIDATIN 803 Nuc d d Nuc d 2 3 2 overlap of 2p orbitals X d no p-orbital overlap X d (a) (b) Figure 17.2 Transition states for N 2 reactions at (a) an allylic carbon and (b) a nonallylic
More informationIB Chemistry 1 Mole. One atom of C-12 has a mass of 12 amu. One mole of C-12 has a mass of 12 g. Grams we can use more easily.
The Mole Atomic mass units and atoms are not convenient units to work with. The concept of the mole was invented. This was the number of atoms of carbon-12 that were needed to make 12 g of carbon. 1 mole
More informationReminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. SN1 Reaction Notes
Reminder: These notes are meant to supplement, not replace the laboratory manual. SN1 Reaction Notes Background and Application Substitution Nucleophilic First Order (SN1) reactions are one of the most
More informationexperiment5 Understanding and applying the concept of limiting reagents. Learning how to perform a vacuum filtration.
81 experiment5 LECTURE AND LAB SKILLS EMPHASIZED Synthesizing an organic substance. Understanding and applying the concept of limiting reagents. Determining percent yield. Learning how to perform a vacuum
More informationSeparation by Solvent Extraction
Experiment 3 Separation by Solvent Extraction Objectives To separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid and a neutral compound by using solvent extraction techniques. Introduction Frequently, organic
More informationProperties of Acids and Bases
Lab 22 Properties of Acids and Bases TN Standard 4.2: The student will investigate the characteristics of acids and bases. Have you ever brushed your teeth and then drank a glass of orange juice? What
More informationMaking Biodiesel from Virgin Vegetable Oil: Teacher Manual
Making Biodiesel from Virgin Vegetable Oil: Teacher Manual Learning Goals: Students will understand how to produce biodiesel from virgin vegetable oil. Students will understand the effect of an exothermic
More information4/18/2011. 9.8 Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions. Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions
9.8 Substituent effects in the electrophilic substitution of an aromatic ring Substituents affect the reactivity of the aromatic ring Some substituents activate the ring, making it more reactive than benzene
More informationHOMEWORK 4A. Definitions. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Questions
HOMEWORK 4A Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 1. Indicate whether a reaction will occur or not in each of following. Wtiring a balcnced equation is not necessary. (a) Magnesium metal is added to hydrochloric
More informationAmino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
1 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Introduction Amino Acids Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. In class you learned the structures of the 20 common amino acids that make up proteins. All
More informationAROMATIC COMPOUNDS A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
A STUDENT SHULD BE ABLE T: ARMATIC CMPUNDS 1. Name benzene derivatives given the structures, and draw the structures given the names. This includes: Monosubstituted benzenes named as derivatives of benzene:
More informationSynthesis of Cyclohexene The Dehydration of Cyclohexanol.
Synthesis of Cyclohexene The Dehydration of Cyclohexanol. The general approach towards carrying out an organic reaction: (1) Write out the balanced reaction, using structural formulas. (2) Construct a
More informationEnantiomers: Synthesis, characterization, and resolution of tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(iii) chloride Introduction:
Enantiomers: Synthesis, characterization, and resolution of tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(iii) chloride Introduction: The development of coordination chemistry prior to 1950 involved the synthesis and characterization
More informationMOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
MLEULAR REPRESENTATINS AND INFRARED SPETRSPY A STUDENT SULD BE ABLE T: 1. Given a Lewis (dash or dot), condensed, bond-line, or wedge formula of a compound draw the other representations. 2. Give examples
More informationChapter 14 Solutions
Chapter 14 Solutions 1 14.1 General properties of solutions solution a system in which one or more substances are homogeneously mixed or dissolved in another substance two components in a solution: solute
More informationName. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry SUNY/Oneonta. Chem 322 - Organic Chemistry II Examination #2 - March 14, 2005 ANSWERS
Name INSTRUTINS --- Department of hemistry and Biochemistry SUNY/neonta hem 322 - rganic hemistry II Examination #2 - March 14, 2005 ANSWERS This examination has two parts. Part I is in multiple choice
More informationQuestion Bank Electrolysis
Question Bank Electrolysis 1. (a) What do you understand by the terms (i) electrolytes (ii) non-electrolytes? (b) Arrange electrolytes and non-electrolytes from the following substances (i) sugar solution
More informationIB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
More informationColorful Iron Complexes
elearning 2009 Introduction Colorful Iron Complexes Transition Metal Complex Ions Publication No. 91857 Easily distinguish between solutions of iron(ii) and iron(iii) ions by performing re-dox reactions
More informationCH243: Lab 4 Synthesis of Artificial Flavorings by Fischer Esterification
H243: Lab 4 Synthesis of Artificial Flavorings by Fischer Esterification PURPSE: To prepare esters by reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols. To modify a known procedure to prepare an unknown. DISUSSIN:
More informationExperiment 8 Preparation of Cyclohexanone by Hypochlorite Oxidation
Experiment 8 Preparation of Cyclohexanone by ypochlorite xidation In this experiment we will prepare cyclohexanone from cyclohexanol using hypochlorite oxidation. We will use common household bleach that
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *0123456789* CHEMISTRY 0620/03 Paper 3 Theory (Core) For Examination from 2016 SPECIMEN PAPER 1 hour
More informationEXPERIMENT 2 THE HYDROLYSIS OF t-butyl CHLORIDE. PURPOSE: To verify a proposed mechanism for the hydrolysis of t-butyl Chloride.
PURPOSE: To verify a proposed mechanism for the hydrolysis of t-butyl Chloride. PRINCIPLES: Once the Rate Law for a reaction has been experimentally established the next step is its explanation in terms
More informationF322: Chains, Energy and Resources 2.2.4 Alcohols
F322: hains, Energy and Resources 2.2.4 Alcohols 167 marks 1. This question is about the six alcohols below. butan-2-ol 2-methylpentan-3-ol propan-1-ol ethane-1,2-diol 2-methylpropan-2-ol propan-2-ol Which
More informationWillem Elbers. October 9, 2015
S N 1 and S N 2 reactivity of 3 alkyl bromides Willem Elbers ctober 9, 2015 1 Abstract n this experiment, we investigate the relative reactivities of three alkyl bromides with increasing steric bulk. We
More informationCarboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and itriles Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: There are really only four things to worry about under this heading; acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides. We ll start with
More informationPhysical Changes and Chemical Reactions
Physical Changes and Chemical Reactions Gezahegn Chaka, Ph.D., and Sudha Madhugiri, Ph.D., Collin College Department of Chemistry Objectives Introduction To observe physical and chemical changes. To identify
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *0123456789* CHEMISTRY 0620/04 Paper 4 Theory (Extended) For Examination from 2016 SPECIMEN PAPER
More informationStandardization of Potassium Permanganate solution with Standard Sodium Oxalate Solution.
Experiment Number: 07 Name of the experiment: Standardization of Potassium Permanganate solution with Standard Sodium Oxalate Solution. Course: Chem-114 Name: Noor Nashid Islam Roll: 0105044 Group: A2
More informationThe Synthesis of trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(iii) Chloride
CHEM 122L General Chemistry Laboratory Revision 2.0 The Synthesis of trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(iii) Chloride To learn about Coordination Compounds and Complex Ions. To learn about Isomerism.
More informationExperiment 7: Titration of an Antacid
1 Experiment 7: Titration of an Antacid Objective: In this experiment, you will standardize a solution of base using the analytical technique known as titration. Using this standardized solution, you will
More informationEXPERIMENT 9 (Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan - Cherif Synthesis of Aspirin - Esterification
EXPERIMENT 9 (rganic hemistry II) Pahlavan - herif Materials Hot plate 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask Melting point capillaries Melting point apparatus Büchner funnel 400-mL beaker Stirring rod hemicals Salicylic
More informationHazard Warning Signage Guidelines
Fire Department 401 Oak Street, #402 Roseville, California 95678-2649 Hazard Warning Signage Guidelines Where hazardous materials are stored in quantities that require a permit pursuant to CFC Table 105.6.20,
More informationOxidizer(s) Management and Use Guidelines
Facilities and Campus Services EHS/RMS 3101 Science Circle CPISB Room 102B Anchorage, AK 99508 Oxidizer(s) Management and Use Guidelines This document provides information concerning the handling, storage,
More informationJUNIOR COLLEGE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT EXPERIMENT 21 SECOND YEAR PRACTICAL. Name: Group: Date: THE CHEMISTRY OF COPPER AND IRON
JUNIOR COLLEGE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT EXPERIMENT 21 SECOND YEAR PRACTICAL Name: Group: Date: COPPER THE CHEMISTRY OF COPPER AND IRON 1. To a solution of Cu 2+ ions add aqueous sodium hydroxide and heat the
More informationEXPERIMENT 10: TITRATION AND STANDARDIZATION
EXPERIMENT 10: TITRATION AND STANDARDIZATION PURPOSE To determine the molarity of a NaOH solution by titrating it with a standard HCl solution. To determine the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar using
More informationPage 1. 6. Which hydrocarbon is a member of the alkane series? (1) 1. Which is the structural formula of methane? (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (4) (4)
1. Which is the structural formula of methane? 6. Which hydrocarbon is a member of the alkane series? 7. How many carbon atoms are contained in an ethyl group? 1 3 2 4 2. In the alkane series, each molecule
More informationHonors Chemistry: Unit 6 Test Stoichiometry PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Page 1. A chemical equation. (C-4.4)
Honors Chemistry: Unit 6 Test Stoichiometry PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Page 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Question What is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction? What 3 things (values) is a mole of a chemical
More informationThis experiment involves the separation and identification of ions using
Chemistry 112: Reactions Involving Complex Ions Page 27 COMPLEX IONS AND AMPHOTERISM This experiment involves the separation and identification of ions using two important reaction types: (i) the formation
More informationDetermination of the Mass Percentage of Copper in a Penny. Introduction
Determination of the Mass Percentage of Copper in a Penny Introduction This experiment will cost you one penny ($0.01). The penny must be minted after 1983. Any penny will do; for best results the penny
More informationChapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur
Chapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur 1 Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached
More informationChapter 8 - Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chapter 8 - Chemical Equations and Reactions 8-1 Describing Chemical Reactions I. Introduction A. Reactants 1. Original substances entering into a chemical rxn B. Products 1. The resulting substances from
More informationExtraction: Separation of Acidic Substances
Extraction: Separation of Acidic Substances Chemists frequently find it necessary to separate a mixture of compounds by moving a component from one solution or mixture to another. The process most often
More informationUnit Vocabulary: o Organic Acid o Alcohol. o Ester o Ether. o Amine o Aldehyde
Unit Vocabulary: Addition rxn Esterification Polymer Alcohol Ether Polymerization Aldehyde Fermentation Primary Alkane Functional group Saponification Alkene Halide (halocarbon) Saturated hydrocarbon Alkyne
More informationMass Spec - Fragmentation
Mass Spec - Fragmentation An extremely useful result of EI ionization in particular is a phenomenon known as fragmentation. The radical cation that is produced when an electron is knocked out of a neutral
More informationDraeger-Tubes and accuro Pump
Draeger-Tubes and accuro Pump Trusted Technology that s ahead of its time Accurate Easy to read Flexible Fast Specific Easy to use Maintenance free Multi-Gas Detector accuro pump One handed operation What
More informationChemical Equations and Chemical Reactions. Chapter 8.1
Chemical Equations and Chemical Reactions Chapter 8.1 Objectives List observations that suggest that a chemical reaction has taken place List the requirements for a correctly written chemical equation.
More informationSAMPLE PROBLEM 8.1. Solutions of Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes SOLUTION STUDY CHECK
Solutions of Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes SAMPLE PROBLEM 8.1 Indicate whether solutions of each of the following contain only ions, only molecules, or mostly molecules and a few ions: a. Na 2 SO 4,
More information17.2 REACTIONS INVOLVING ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC RADICALS
17. REACTINS INVLVING ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC RADICALS 793 As Eq. 17. shows, the products derived from the reaction of water at the ring carbons are not formed. The reason is that these products are not aromatic
More informationCHM 130LL: ph, Buffers, and Indicators
CHM 130LL: ph, Buffers, and Indicators Many substances can be classified as acidic or basic. Acidic substances contain hydrogen ions, H +, while basic substances contain hydroxide ions, OH. The relative
More informationCHEM 124L Syllabus General Organic and Biochemistry Lab Summer 2015
CHEM 124L Syllabus General Organic and Biochemistry Lab Summer 2015 Instructor: Office Hours: Text: Frank Tyminski, MEYR 564, x 52552, tyminski@umbc.edu By appointment Bettelheim, Frederick A. and Joseph
More informationConduct A Qualitative Test For Starch, Fat, A Reducing Sugar, A Protein
Conduct A Qualitative Test For Starch, Fat, A Reducing Sugar, A Protein Biology Leaving Cert Experiments Materials/Equipment Starch solution (1%) Iodine Solution Glucose Solution (1%) 100 C) Benedict s
More information