Peniaze a bankovníctvo 7. prednáška. Menová politika - nástroje

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1 Peniaze a bankovníctvo 7. prednáška Menová politika - nástroje

2 Úrokové sadzby V centre pozornosti menovej politiky sú úrokové sadzby Poznáme však rôzne typy sadzieb Rôzne splatnosti (krátkodobé, dlhodobé) => výnosová krivka Rôzne protistrany Sadzby na medzibankovom trhu EURIBOR (European Interbank Offer Rate) Sadzby pre klientov (na úvery, vklady) obyvateľstvo, podniky Výnosy štátnych dlhopisov

3 Čo je menová politika? Základné politiky Menová politika - inflácia Fiškálna politika príjmy a výdavky štátu, dane Kurzová politika výmenný kurz Makroprudenciálna politika a pravidlá dohľadu nad bankami schopnosť bánk tvoriť peniaze Cenová politika regulované ceny Menová politika spočíva v tom, že centrálna banka reguluje krátkodobé úrokové sadzby s cieľom ovplyvniť infláciu, prípadne HDP a zamestnanosť Expanzívna reštriktívna

4 Fungovanie menovej politiky Hlavný nástroj Operácie na voľnom trhu (typ, rozsah + stanovenie základnej úrokovej sadzby) Ďalšie neštandardné operácie Výška povinných minimálnych rezerv ( PMR sú skôr pravidlá hry ako aktívny nástroj) Bezprostredný cieľ: Krátkodobá úroková sadzba (EURIBOR) Medzicieľ Množstvo peňazí Výmenný kurz Limity na objem úverov Limity na úrokové sadzby vkladov a úverov Hlavný cieľ Cenová stabilita cielenie inflácie (ECB, Bank of England, ČNB,...) Ekonomický rast a zamestnanosť (len Fed)

5 Štandardné operácie menovej politiky ECB / Eurosystému Povinné minimálne rezervy Slúžia na stabilizáciu trhových sadzieb, a to pomocou vytvorenia štrukturálneho nedostatku likvidity na medzibankovom trhu Čiastočné môžu prispieť k ovplyvňovaniu miery poskytovania úverov (?) Automatické operácie Jednodňové operácie (overnight) s cieľom získať chýbajúcu likviditu alebo uložiť prebytočnú likviditu Operácie na voľnom trhu Hlavné refinančné a sterilizačné operácie (týždňové) na báze aukcie Dlhodobé refinančné operácie Dolaďovacie operácie Štrukturálne operácie nákup cenných papierov, emisia pokladničných poukážok

6 Vývoj hlavných sadzieb ECB

7 Forma operácií na voľnom trhu Refinančné operácie repo obchody Centrálna banka poskytne peniaze komerčným bankám, ktoré jej ako záloh dajú nejaké aktívum (väčšinou cenné papiere) Funkcia zálohu: pokrytie rizika zlyhania banky Sterilizačné operácie obrátené repo obchody Banky poskytnú peniaze centrálnej banke, ako záloh dostanú cenný papier Funkcia zálohu: zabezpečiť likviditu počas trvania obchodu Pred krízou celý bankový sektor zvykol vykonávať len 1 druh operácií EU refinancovanie, SK sterilizácia Po kríze: strata dôvery => oba typy operácií súčasne

8 Neštandardné operácie menovej politiky ECB Kurz USD / EUR Policy makers will do whatever it takes to save the Euro. ( )

9 Neštandardné operácie menovej politiky ECB

10 Neštandardné operácie menovej politiky ECB Zmena zoznamu prípustných zabezpečení a systému zrážok Rozhodnutie uspokojiť celý dopyt pri hlavných refinančných operáciách Poskytovanie dlhodobých refinančných operácií (na 3 roky) Cielené dlhodobé refinančné operácie (Targeted Long Term Refinancing Operations, 2014) Nákup štátnych dlhopisov na sekundárnom trhu (Outright Monetary Transactions, 2012) Program nákupu cenných papierov bánk Asset Backed Securities Purchase Programme Covered Bond Purchase Programme Plánovaný začiatok: október 2014

11 Kvantitatívne uvoľňovanie Priamy nákup cenných papierov centrálnou bankou vo veľkom objeme => výrazné zväčšenie bilancie centrálnej banky Kedy? Sadzby sú (takmer) na nule, ale banky stále nepožičiavajú, boja sa kreditného rizika Centrálna banka nevie dosiahnuť, aby sa nízke krátkodobé sadzby preniesli do zníženia dlhodobých sadzieb Ako to funguje? Centrálna banka vykúpi od bánk dlhopisy / pohľadávky voči štátu, klientom => prenesie na seba aj kreditné riziko Obavy bánk zo strát kvôli nesplácaniu tak odpadnú, majú väčšiu motiváciu poskytovať peniaze Ide o náhradu nefunkčnej expanzívnej menovej politiky Hrozba: Ak to CB neubrzdí včas, môže hroziť výrazná inflácia (?)

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