Biomass as a fuel : Preparation, Handling, Barriers and its use

Transcription

1 Training programme on Energy Efficient technologies for climate change mitigation in Southeast Asia Biomass as a fuel : Preparation, Handling, Barriers and its use

2 World Energy Consumption by Region Middle East Non-OECD Europe Former USSR China Asia Excluding China Latin America Africa Coal and Coal Products Crude, NGL and Feedstocks Petroleum Products Natural Gas Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Solar/Wind/Other Combustible Renewables and Waste Non-OECD Total EU-25 Total OECD World 0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 KTOE International Energy Agency (IEA) Non-OECD Countries Energy Balance 2003

3 Biomass Energy Consumption by Non-OECD Countries per Capita (TOE / Year ) 450<

4 Biomass Biomass Plant Matter Animal Matter Bio Fuel Fiber Heat Fossil Resources Categories Cropping Resources Unused Biomass Waste Biomass Examples Animal Feeding Stuffs & Starch Crop Straw, Rice Husk, Thinned Wood & Wood Waste Waste Paper, Animal Dung, Food Waste, Construction Waste, Pulp Black Liquor & Sewage Sludge

5 Biomass Advantage Compared to other Renewable Energy sources (as per EU evaluation) Power Generation Solar Cell Wind Biomass Total Investment (M. US$) 1,830 12,700 6,300 Facility Scale (kw) 1,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 Yearly Operation Rate (%) Yearly Electricity Generation (M.kwh) 1,100 17,500 61,300 Unit Investment (US$/kw) Century by Biomass Energy

6 Biomass Transformation As Energy Direct Combustion Heat, Power Generation Thermo chemical Transformation Gasification Thermal Cracking Direct Liquefaction (Fuel) Gas Synthetic Gas Liquid Fuel Biomass Low Temperature Gasification Hydrogen, Methane Biochemical Transformation Anaerobic Digestion Aerobic Pyrolysis Fermentation Methane (Compost) Ethanol Others RDF, Carbonization, Bio-Diesel

7 Effective Heating Value (MJ/kg) Water Content and Effective Heating Value 20 Dry Biomass 15 Ash 0% Ash 20% 10 Green Wood 5 Drying Plant Wet Biomass (Raw garbage, Fecaluria and Sewage) 0 Ash 100% Water Content (%)

8 Element Composition of Various Fuels Straw Rice Chaff Cow Dirt Raw Garbage Bagasse Pine Husk C H O N S Ash Wood Wyoming Coal Pittsburgh Coal %

9 Biomass Fuel Heating Value Rice Husk Corn Waste Palm Waste Wood Waste Bagasse ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 Heating Value (kcal/kg)

10 Heating Value of Fossil Fuel and Waste Plastics PET Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystylene PVC City Gas LPG Natural Gas Kerosene Heavy Oil Coke Charcoal Coal Plastics Fossil Fuel 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 Heating Value (kcal/kg), City Gas, LPG, Natural Gas (kcal/nm3)

11 Composition of Wood Wt% Needle- Leaved Tree Broad Leaf Tree Lignin In Building Structure (Hard) Difficult to Decompose Cellulose Concrete (Soft) Hemi-Cellulose 25 Easy to Decompose Fat, Nitrogen, Inorganic 10

12 Combustion Procedure of Biomass (Wood) Temperature ( o C) Surface Combustion Stopping Gas Release and Tar Formation Combustion with Smoke C: Stopping of Smoke Drastic Reduction of Wood Weight Tar Formation and Gas Release Flame on Wood Surface Rapid Exothermal Reaction Ignition Rapid Exothermal Reaction Increase of Gas Release Ignition on Wood Surface Thermal Decomposition Releasing Gas Cellulose Softening Hemi-cellulose Decomposition Releasing Combined Water Glass Transition of Lignin and hemicellulose Releasing Inner Free Water Vaporizing Surface Water Time

13 Shape and Bulk of Biomass Energy Rice Husk Corn Waste Palm Waste Wooden Chip Wooden Chip Sugarcane Wooden Pellet Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)

14 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Biomass Crasher Dryer Wind Sorting Machine Compressi on Molding Machine Inflammabl e Sorting Machine Inflammabl e RDF

15 Summary of Biomass Asian countries have highest potential of biomass boiler utilization Biomass Problem: High water and high ash content Low heating value Difficulty of Transportation How to make biomass Renewable Plantation Waste utilization

16 Criteria for fuel selection Availability Storage Handling pollution landed cost of fuel

17 Biomass collection and logistics - Availability of suitable equipments for collection and handling of different types of Bio-mass - Highly Labour Intensive activity and available in distributed quantities. - Low bulk density results higher transportation cost - Fuel Pricing

18 Multiple Preparation And Handling Equipment Sizing equipment (Chopping) for woody biomass Saw cutter and wood chipper for woody biomass like juliflora etc Chippers for making palm bunches into fibrous material for ease in firing Chipper for making coconut fronds, into smaller pieces & powder Rotary shredding machinery for bushy biomass lie jute stick, cotton stalk, Casurina branches etc. De Oiled Bran Crusher Shredders Screening Briquette making (yet to be tried out) Sieving machines for coir pith Dryers for moisture removal by air drying. Drying natural (solar) drying Conveying equipment ( Belt, drag chain, bucket, pneumatic)

19 Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies In terms of conversion technologies, following technologies are commonly used in boilers: 1. Step Grate Furnace 2. Stationary Grate Furnace 3. Stoker Combustion 4. Suspension Combustion 5. Fluidized Bed Combustion

20

21

22 FUEL STORAGE AND HANDLING Proper storage facilities for degradable biomass Complications of external impurities like mud, sand and unknown chemical compositions. Non-availability of proper equipments for preparation and handling of biomass, such as cutters, chippers, bailing, drying and feeding system.

23 OTHER TECHNICAL PROBLEMS Uneven spreading of biomass fuel, leading to secondary combustion and over heating of boilers tubes and fluctuation in steam pressure. Frequent erosion of boiler tubes due to high silica content in biomass. Presence of sand and mud in biomass, results tube fouling and chocking of fluidized bed. Pesticides used during cropping add to tube failure frequencies especially the content of potassium

24 OTHER TECHNICAL PROBLEMS (Contd. ) Presence of chloride content in certain biomass (like cotton stalks 8-9%), combine with sodium and potassium at high temperature aggravating corrosion process. Difficult to maintain air fuel ratio if different types of biomass is used. Due to biomass fuel size variation un-burnts increases. Loss of heat value and degradation of biomass during storage in exposed ambient wet atmosphere, brings in an error or assessment of input fuel energy.

25 For further inquiries Contact