Renewable Fuels Caterpillar Power Plants

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1 Renewable Fuels Caterpillar Power Plants Building innovative power solutions

2 Our FOCUS is our CUSTOMERS

3 As we explore the merits of renewable fuels, our commitment is to find sustainable solutions. We are continually developing our products and services to offer you the best possible value and function for your power plant. OUR PLANTS OFFER OUTSTANDING FUEL FLEXIBILITY TRADITIONAL FOSSIL FUELS RENEWABLE (e.g. raw/straight vegetable oil and 100% biodiesel) NATURAL GAS DUAL-FUEL CAPABILITIES Caterpillar is a leading supplier opportunities in the renewable of medium speed reciprocating energy market. We have engine power plants for both developed several alternative interconnected (parallel to grid) fuel solutions in response to and captive power (island mode) the increased demand for applications. We offer both incorporating biofuels in power simple cycle and combined cycle generation. operation and our plants can be configured to provide combined Renewable diesel can be made heat and power (CHP). Plant from such diverse materials such output capacities range from 2 as vegetable oil, waste cooking to over 200 MWe, and we have oil, animal fat, and fish oil, as a full range of power generation well as from cellulosic feedstock equipment and complete consisting of agriculture and engineering, procurement, and forest biomass. construction (EPC) capabilities. Caterpillar will help you evaluate Recent strides in Caterpillar various fuel properties and quality biofuel engine technology while we work together to design and the emergence of new a total solution for your business. standards have created expanded

4 Understanding RENEWABLE Fuel Types BIODIESEL Biodiesel is produced from raw feedstock by a chemical conversion known as transesterification reaction. This process requires several steps to remove any traces of water and the use of methanol to separate the glycerin from the fat, leaving behind two byproducts: methyl esters (well know as Biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable component for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries). 1 For renewable diesel to be called biodiesel, it must meet very strict quality specifications. In 2003, the U.S. Congress proposed that, for tax purposes: The term biodiesel means the monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from plant or animal matter which meet (A) the registration requirements for fuels and fuel additives established by the Environmental Protection Agency under section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545), and (B) the requirements of the American Society of Testing and Materials D6751. (ASTM D 6571). 2 Two specifications currently exist to determine purity levels as part of the requirement by engine manufacturers and petroleum suppliers: ASTM (D6751) for U.S. base market and CEN (pr EN14214) for European Market. Biodiesel is designated by the alphanumeric term B100. If the biodiesel is used as blend or additive, it is designated BXX, where XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel blended with petroleum-based diesel. WASTE VEGETABLE OIL (WVO) AND STRAIGHT VEGETABLE OIL (SVO) Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) and Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) can be used directly in a diesel reciprocating engine if they are properly evaluated and tested. HDRD HDRD, or Hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel, is produced by hydrotreating animal fat or vegetable feedstock. HDRD is also known as green diesel or second-generation biodiesel. 3 FISCHER-TROPSCH BTL A process called Fischer-Tropsch BTL, or Bio-to-Liquid Technology, produces another renewable diesel. 4 The main objective is to convert the carbon monoxide and hydrogen, called synthesis gas or syngas, into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Fuels obtained from this process are also called Synthetic Fuels Energy Policy Act of 2003, Conference Version, Section Renewable Diesel Types and Feedstocks 5

5 Renewable Fuels and Engine Performance Fuel source diversity and possible variations of blending must be considered when evaluating potential engine performance: ENGINE POWER AND TORQUE When operating with renewable fuel, a reduction of power and torque of 3 to 7% can occur when compared to petroleum diesel. The main reason for loss power is attributed to the following fuel properties: Cetane Number is related to the volatility of the fuel and the capacity of self ignite. Fuels with higher ratings are more volatile and present better quality ignition, which directly affect the combustion process. If the fuel ignites too late the fuel/air combustion will be incomplete. Heating Value is the energy content of the fuel, or can be interpreted as the quantity of heat produced by its combustion. Fuel with high calorific values will usually produce more power per pound of fuel than fuels with lower values. Viscosity is the ability of the fuel to resist flow when subject to pressure, in other words, the thickness of the fuel. Viscosity directly affects the atomization of the fuel injected into the combustion chamber. High viscosity fuels, such as oil derived from animal fat, will produce large fuel droplets when sprayed through an injector nozzle, leading to incomplete combustion. 6 FUEL CONSUMPTION Engines operating on renewable fuels have shown an increase in fuel consumption, mainly due to their lower heating value. More fuel needs to be injected to compensate for the loss of heating value. Another factor to be considered is the high viscosity of straight or raw oil and its effect in the fuel spray atomization. Different blends and feedstock with different heating values, or different production processes and qualities, also have an impact on engine fuel economy. For fuels that meet ASTM or CEN standards, in principle, the increase in fuel consumption is proportional to the loss of heating value, compared to Diesel 2. EMISSIONS One of the most important qualities of renewable diesel is the reduction in emissions of the air toxins, SOx, PM, COx, and NOx. SOx (Sulfur Oxide) Biodiesel, SVO and WVO are essentially free of sulfur; as a result, no presence of SOx will be found after combustion. PM (Particulate Material) is solid or liquid particles found in the air after a combustion process. The lack of heavy petroleum residues in renewable fuels can contribute to PM reduction ranging from 10 to 48%. COx (Carbon Monoxide) Biodiesel contains up to 10% oxygen. The presence of oxygen will promote a more complete combustion, leading to the formation of carbon dioxide rather than COx. For blended fuels (BXX), the levels of carbon monoxide reduction range from 22% to 48%. 7 NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) emissions increase or decrease depending on the engine type, ignition timing, and fuel used. With biodiesel, an increase in NOx is the result of increased oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen at elevated combustion temperature as the result of the 10% oxygen present in the fuel. 8 Fuel Properties 6 Fuel Weight lbs/gal Heat of Combustion BTU/gal Cetane Number Viscosity cst No. 2 Diesel , % Biodiesel (B100) , B20 Mix (20/80) , SVO , Paper AE-1240 Biodiesel Fuel, Vern Hofman, Extension Agricultural Engineer, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota Oxides 8 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions Jinlin Xuea, Tony E. Grift, Alan C. Hansena Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing , China

6 Renewable Fuels and Cat Engines RENEWABLE You want both optimized fuel consumption and emission standards compliance. Cat engines are designed to operate on a variety of fuels, including HFO, MDO, diesel, crude oil, natural gas, LPG, and renewable fuels. Our world-leading engine program has a range of 2 MW to 14.4 MWe per unit and extensive experience with medium-speed (500 to 1000 rpm) engines so you get the engine that suits your project. Research and development has led to the key to reducing NOx emissions: increase compression ratio using a long stroke cylinder, reduce rotational speed, and provide a high-energy injection system with precise synchronization of fuel injection and inlet timing in a spacious combustion chamber. In 2000, Caterpillar Motoren developed a new low emission engine (CM) to reduce soot and NOx for the marine market. This design is quite applicable to renewable fuel operation, with low NOx emissions, excellent load pick up, and invisible soot at all loads. Engine rotation at medium speeds helps prevent premature wearing of parts and components, leading to high reliability, long life, and long overhaul intervals. With better efficiency than regular highspeed engines, these engines also have reduced fuel consumption. Modular design, integrating various functions in to one component, has resulted in the highly reliable CM medium speed engines.

7 Caterpillar Power Plants Caterpillar has global experience in building and operating oil- and gas-fueled power plants in demanding conditions, applications, and environments. OUR GENERATOR SETS ARE DELIVERED COMPLETE WITH STANDARDIZED AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT. Connection points for fuel, lubricating oil, and cooling water systems are conveniently located at the free end of the engine. Preassembled and tested at the factory, the auxiliary units are combined modules, designed to ensure safe operation, easy maintenance, and excellent access for servicing. Our modular design is simple and reliable, so you get: Reduced installation and commissioning time Improved project risk mitigation and management capability Fewer errors and delays with improved shipping and logistics Fewer interface problems Effective, responsive global support and service

8 Professional Solutions, Products, and Services Cat medium-speed engines are ideally suited for operation in our environmentally focused power plants, which can reliably operate on renewable fuels. This helps lower emissions, reduce greenhouse gases, maximize fuel diversity, and support your attainment of local and national renewable energy targets. Partnering with you, we can develop a complete power plant solution to meet your high availability expectations. POWER PLANT SOLUTIONS consultation, capabilities, experience SERVICES hire Caterpillar to run your power plant or help you do it Peaking/Intermediate Baseload: Single or multi-engine plants can be strategically located to feed into the distribution system (i.e. grid support). Scaleable, modular design allows for efficient future plant expansion. Wind Load-following: Use of renewable fuels provides a complement to the benefits of installed wind capacity with extremely flexible dispatch control and fast load response. Industrial CHP: Total plant efficiencies can exceed 90%. Easily integrated into existing infrastructure, Caterpillar is a popular choice among mining, textile, cement, and many other industrial segments. Combined Cycle: Traditional heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and steam turbines or organic Rankine cycle (ORG) can be used to improve plant efficiency. Operation and Maintenance Agreement (O&M): We handle all aspects of operation, maintenance, and administration, working with you to establish and meet specific goals for performance and return on investment. Maintenance and Repair Agreement (MRA): Our technicians perform all maintenance and regular analysis of critical engine fluids. You also receive technical support and staff training, plus all replacement parts. Maintenance Service Agreement (MSA): We provide technical support, staff training, and assistance with maintenance and troubleshooting, in addition to the parts required for regular maintenance. Technical Service Agreement (TSA): An experienced engineer will train your staff to improve maintenance techniques and troubleshoot plant equipment. Field Services: With nearly 200,000 people and 1,500 facilities worldwide serving in excess of 200 countries, you re never far from the Caterpillar support you need. Caterpillar supports sustainable change on every continent. Caterpillar Electric Power Division is a global company, operating in more than 15 time zones in 64 locations, communicating in 47 languages. CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, Caterpillar Yellow and the Power Edge trade dress, as well as corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission. LEYE Caterpillar All rights reserved.