Cell Membrane Structure and Function. Prof. Dr. Turgut Ulutin

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Cell Membrane Structure and Function. Prof. Dr. Turgut Ulutin"

Transcription

1 Cell Membrane Structure and Function Prof. Dr. Turgut Ulutin

2 Why do we need the plasma membrane? Keeping the goods concentrated Keeping harmful materials out Transports substances in and out of the cell Communication with other cells chemical signals

3 Cell membrane functions include: Physical isolation Regulation of exchange with the environment Changes in ECF, ph, receptor recognition Structural support

4 The Cell Membrane The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.

5 Membrane Structure Primarily made up of lipids With lipids With carbohydrates 1. Lipids are the most abundant Membrane called phospholipid bilayer Outermost portions - hydrophilic Innermost layers - hydrophobic

6 Four Components of the Plasma Membrane Phospholipid Bilayer Cholesterol Proteins Glycocalyx

7 Membranes are Fluid Mosaics Phospholipids are the fluid part of the membrane Changes shape without breaking apart The proteins move through the phospholipids Think of it as icebergs moving through the ocean

8 Phospholipid Bilayer Phospholipids two fatty-acid chains and a polar phosphate group attached to glycerol Phospholipids in water -two layers, heads pointed out, and tails pointed in Outside of cell mostly water and inside of cell mostly water so polar heads point towards the watery extracellular fluid and watery cytoplasm inside the cell Passage through bilayer lipid center is a barrier to passage of large hydrophilic molecules, but it allows nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules to pass. Small molecules like water and uncharged, lipid soluble moleucles can pass freely

9 Cholesterol Lipid material Two Functions Acts as patching substance on the bilayer that prevents passage of some molecules (such as ions or simple sugars) Helps keep membrane stronger and flexible

10 Proteins Two types with many functions Integral - span entire membrane, popping out on both sides or extending partway into the membrane; bound to the hydrophobic interior Peripheral - lie on either side of the membrane, not bound to hydrophobic interior Function Structural support attach to cytoskeleton Recognition binding sites on some proteins identify the cell to other cells help immune system determine self from foreign cells Communication signals transferred through receptor proteins Transport molecules can pass

11 Glycocalyx sugar coat Sugar components protruding from lipids and proteins Binding sites for proteins in communication and recognition Lubricate cells Stick cells down sticky adhesion layer

12 Membranes serve a wide variety of functions 1. Barriers to separate cells from environment (plasma membrane) and one compartment from another (organelle membranes) 2. Transport Passive, active, and vesicular transport 3. Sites for enzyme systems, e.g. a) ATP synthase b) Cytochrome p450s 4. Conduct electrical signals 5. Recognize and respond to molecules or surfaces a) Signal mol. Receptors b) Immune response to antigens

13 Moving Materials In and Out: Diffusion and Gradients A. Random Movement and Diffusion Concentration - # of molecules in a given unit of volume Concentration gradient = difference between the highest and lowest concentration of a solute Example bike coasting down a hill Diffusion = movement of molecules from region of higher to lower concentration The greater the concentration gradient the faster the rate Diffusion will continue until concentration gradient is eliminated (as long as no other processes interfere)

14 Structure and Function of Organelles cell (plasma) membrane semi-permeable membrane which regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell composition: protein molecules dispersed throughout a double layer of lipid (fluid mosaic)

15 Permeability The ease with which substances can cross the cell membrane Nothing passes through an impermeable barrier Anything can pass through a freely permeable barrier Cell membranes are selectively permeable Selective permeability is based on size, electrical charges, molecular shape, and lipid solubility. Transport of substances across the membrane can be Passive or Active Active transport requires energy to occur Passive transport does not require energy Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport are different types of movement

16 Factors affecting permeability of cell membrane to a particular substance: 1. molecular size of the substance 2. electrical charge on the atom or molecule of the substance 3. solubility of the substance in water 4. solubility of the substance in lipid

17 What determines the direction of the movement of molecules (diffusion) across the cell membrane? concentration of substances on each side of the membrane Diffusion is a form of passive transport. (no energy required)

18 Osmosis diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area where the water molecules are more concentrated to an area where the water molecules are less concentrated

19 Diffusion through Membranes Permeability verses selectively permeable Permeable Membrane permeable to both water and solute solute diffuses down its concentration gradient diffuses through the membrane becoming evenly distributed on both sides Selectively permeable water freely moves, but solute cannot more solute on one side of the membrane water moves both ways, but more flows to the greater concentration of solutes result more solution on one side of the membrane than the other Osmosis - net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration Importance of osmosis to membrane function in animals and plants Cells shrinking or bursting in animals Cells expanding and shrinking in plants (wilting and standing up)

20 Two Main Types of Transport across Cell Membranes Passive Transport no energy expended Simple diffusion - membrane is permeable to water, gases, and fat-soluble molecules, so can enter without energy output by cell Facilitated diffusion - membrane is impermeable to larger polar molecules, so to travel down the concentration gradient, need help from a transport protein Channel protein Carrier protein Osmosis Active Transport molecules passing across the membrane up their concentration gradient cannot use diffusion - must expend energy (ATP) Transport protein binds with ATP and the molecule being transported. The protein changes shape to move the ion across the membrane Ex. Sodium (Na ) Potassium (K ) pump Maintain high K inside the cell and high Na outside the cell Think of it as pumping out seawater from a leaking boat

21 Active transport requires energy A transport protein actively pumps a specific solute across a membrane against the solute s concentration gradient; i.e., away from where the solute is less concentrated. Membrane proteins use ATP as their energy source for active transport.

1.1.2. thebiotutor. AS Biology OCR. Unit F211: Cells, Exchange & Transport. Module 1.2 Cell Membranes. Notes & Questions.

1.1.2. thebiotutor. AS Biology OCR. Unit F211: Cells, Exchange & Transport. Module 1.2 Cell Membranes. Notes & Questions. thebiotutor AS Biology OCR Unit F211: Cells, Exchange & Transport Module 1.2 Cell Membranes Notes & Questions Andy Todd 1 Outline the roles of membranes within cells and at the surface of cells. The main

More information

Cell Membrane & Tonicity Worksheet

Cell Membrane & Tonicity Worksheet NAME ANSWER KEY DATE PERIOD Cell Membrane & Tonicity Worksheet Composition of the Cell Membrane & Functions The cell membrane is also called the PLASMA membrane and is made of a phospholipid BI-LAYER.

More information

4. Biology of the Cell

4. Biology of the Cell 4. Biology of the Cell Our primary focus in this chapter will be the plasma membrane and movement of materials across the plasma membrane. You should already be familiar with the basic structures and roles

More information

Chapter 8. Movement across the Cell Membrane. AP Biology

Chapter 8. Movement across the Cell Membrane. AP Biology Chapter 8. Movement across the Cell Membrane More than just a barrier Expanding our view of cell membrane beyond just a phospholipid bilayer barrier phospholipids plus Fluid Mosaic Model In 1972, S.J.

More information

CHAPTER 5.1 5.2: Plasma Membrane Structure

CHAPTER 5.1 5.2: Plasma Membrane Structure CHAPTER 5.1 5.2: Plasma Membrane Structure 1. Describe the structure of a phospholipid molecule. Be sure to describe their behavior in relationship to water. 2. What happens when a collection of phospholipids

More information

BSC 2010 - Exam I Lectures and Text Pages. The Plasma Membrane Structure and Function. Phospholipids. I. Intro to Biology (2-29) II.

BSC 2010 - Exam I Lectures and Text Pages. The Plasma Membrane Structure and Function. Phospholipids. I. Intro to Biology (2-29) II. BSC 2010 - Exam I Lectures and Text Pages I. Intro to Biology (2-29) II. Chemistry of Life Chemistry review (30-46) Water (47-57) Carbon (58-67) Macromolecules (68-91) III. Cells and Membranes Cell structure

More information

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES: FUNCTIONS, STRUCTURES & TRANSPORT

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES: FUNCTIONS, STRUCTURES & TRANSPORT BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES: FUNCTIONS, STRUCTURES & TRANSPORT UNIVERSITY OF PNG SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES DISCIPLINE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BMLS II / B Pharm II / BDS II VJ Temple

More information

Cell Membrane Coloring Worksheet

Cell Membrane Coloring Worksheet Cell Membrane Coloring Worksheet Composition of the Cell Membrane & Functions The cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane and is made of a phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic

More information

Ch. 8 - The Cell Membrane

Ch. 8 - The Cell Membrane Ch. 8 - The Cell Membrane 2007-2008 Phospholipids Phosphate head hydrophilic Fatty acid tails hydrophobic Arranged as a bilayer Phosphate attracted to water Fatty acid repelled by water Aaaah, one of those

More information

Cell Biology - Part 2 Membranes

Cell Biology - Part 2 Membranes Cell Biology - Part 2 Membranes The organization of cells is made possible by membranes. Membranes isolate, partition, and compartmentalize cells. 1 Membranes isolate the inside of the cell from the outside

More information

Six major functions of membrane proteins: Transport Enzymatic activity

Six major functions of membrane proteins: Transport Enzymatic activity CH 7 Membranes Cellular Membranes Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. The fluid mosaic

More information

Cells and Their Housekeeping Functions Cell Membrane & Membrane Potential

Cells and Their Housekeeping Functions Cell Membrane & Membrane Potential Cells and Their Housekeeping Functions Cell Membrane & Membrane Potential Shu-Ping Lin, Ph.D. Institute of Biomedical Engineering E-mail: splin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw Website: http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/splin/

More information

PART I: Neurons and the Nerve Impulse

PART I: Neurons and the Nerve Impulse PART I: Neurons and the Nerve Impulse Identify each of the labeled structures of the neuron below. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Identify each of the labeled structures of the neuron below. A. dendrites B. nucleus

More information

Biological cell membranes

Biological cell membranes Unit 14: Cell biology. 14 2 Biological cell membranes The cell surface membrane surrounds the cell and acts as a barrier between the cell s contents and the environment. The cell membrane has multiple

More information

FIGURE 2.18. A. The phosphate end of the molecule is polar (charged) and hydrophilic (attracted to water).

FIGURE 2.18. A. The phosphate end of the molecule is polar (charged) and hydrophilic (attracted to water). PLASMA MEMBRANE 1. The plasma membrane is the outermost part of a cell. 2. The main component of the plasma membrane is phospholipids. FIGURE 2.18 A. The phosphate end of the molecule is polar (charged)

More information

CELL MEMBRANES, TRANSPORT, and COMMUNICATION. Teacher Packet

CELL MEMBRANES, TRANSPORT, and COMMUNICATION. Teacher Packet AP * BIOLOGY CELL MEMBRANES, TRANSPORT, and COMMUNICATION Teacher Packet AP* is a trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not involved in the production

More information

The Lipid Bilayer Is a Two-Dimensional Fluid

The Lipid Bilayer Is a Two-Dimensional Fluid The Lipid Bilayer Is a Two-Dimensional Fluid The aqueous environment inside and outside a cell prevents membrane lipids from escaping from bilayer, but nothing stops these molecules from moving about and

More information

Unit 2: Cells, Membranes and Signaling CELL MEMBRANE. Chapter 5 Hillis Textbook

Unit 2: Cells, Membranes and Signaling CELL MEMBRANE. Chapter 5 Hillis Textbook Unit 2: Cells, Membranes and Signaling CELL MEMBRANE Chapter 5 Hillis Textbook HOW DOES THE LAB RELATE TO THE NEXT CHAPTER? SURFACE AREA: the entire outer covering of a cell that enables materials pass.

More information

Cell membranes and transport. Learning Objective:

Cell membranes and transport. Learning Objective: Cell membranes and transport Content Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure Movement of substances into and out of cells Learning Objective: a. Describe and explain the fluid mosaic model of membrane

More information

Keystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes. 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Keystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes. 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Keystone Review Practice Test Module A Cells and Cell Processes 1. Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a. Ability to store hereditary information b. Use of organelles to control

More information

Membrane Structure and Function

Membrane Structure and Function Membrane Structure and Function -plasma membrane acts as a barrier between cells and the surrounding. -plasma membrane is selective permeable -consist of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates -major lipids

More information

Homeostasis and Transport Module A Anchor 4

Homeostasis and Transport Module A Anchor 4 Homeostasis and Transport Module A Anchor 4 Key Concepts: - Buffers play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in organisms. - To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grow, respond to the

More information

Cell Transport and Plasma Membrane Structure

Cell Transport and Plasma Membrane Structure Cell Transport and Plasma Membrane Structure POGIL Guided Inquiry Learning Targets Explain the importance of the plasma membrane. Compare and contrast different types of passive transport. Explain how

More information

Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function

Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Name Period Concept 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins 1. The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them. 2. Explain what is meant when

More information

Osmosis, Diffusion and Cell Transport

Osmosis, Diffusion and Cell Transport Osmosis, Diffusion and Cell Transport Types of Transport There are 3 types of transport in cells: 1. Passive Transport: does not use the cell s energy in bringing materials in & out of the cell 2. Active

More information

Chapter 3. Cellular Structure and Function Worksheets. 39 www.ck12.org

Chapter 3. Cellular Structure and Function Worksheets. 39 www.ck12.org Chapter 3 Cellular Structure and Function Worksheets (Opening image copyright by Sebastian Kaulitzki, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.) Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells Lesson 3.2: Cell

More information

Transmembrane proteins span the bilayer. α-helix transmembrane domain. Multiple transmembrane helices in one polypeptide

Transmembrane proteins span the bilayer. α-helix transmembrane domain. Multiple transmembrane helices in one polypeptide Transmembrane proteins span the bilayer α-helix transmembrane domain Hydrophobic R groups of a.a. interact with fatty acid chains Multiple transmembrane helices in one polypeptide Polar a.a. Hydrophilic

More information

Section 7-3 Cell Boundaries

Section 7-3 Cell Boundaries Note: For the past several years, I ve been puzzling how to integrate new discoveries on the nature of water movement through cell membranes into Chapter 7. The Section below is a draft of my first efforts

More information

Total body water ~(60% of body mass): Intracellular fluid ~2/3 or ~65% Extracellular fluid ~1/3 or ~35% fluid. Interstitial.

Total body water ~(60% of body mass): Intracellular fluid ~2/3 or ~65% Extracellular fluid ~1/3 or ~35% fluid. Interstitial. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/phys-pharm/teaching/staffteaching/sergeykasparov.htmlpharm/teaching/staffteaching/sergeykasparov.html Physiology of the Cell Membrane Membrane proteins and their roles (channels,

More information

Membrane Structure and Function

Membrane Structure and Function Membrane Structure and Function Part A Multiple Choice 1. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as having A. a set of protein channels separated by phospholipids. B. a bilayer of phospholipids in

More information

Modes of Membrane Transport

Modes of Membrane Transport Modes of Membrane Transport Transmembrane Transport movement of small substances through a cellular membrane (plasma, ER, mitochondrial..) ions, fatty acids, H 2 O, monosaccharides, steroids, amino acids

More information

Cell Membrane Structure (and How to Get Through One)

Cell Membrane Structure (and How to Get Through One) Cell Membrane Structure (and How to Get Through One) A cell s membrane is a wall of sorts that defines the boundaries of a cell. The membrane provides protection and structure for the cell and acts as

More information

Membrane Transport. Extracellular Concentration of X

Membrane Transport. Extracellular Concentration of X Use the following graph to answer questions 1 and 2. Rate of diffusion of X into the cell 1. Which of the following processes is represented by the above graph? c. Active transport 2. Molecule X is most

More information

IB104 - Lecture 9 - Membranes

IB104 - Lecture 9 - Membranes There have been many magnificent boats built to try to reach 50 knots. This was the creation of an Australian team that held the record for more than a decade, from 1993 till 2005, at 46.5 knots with their

More information

Date: Student Name: Teacher Name: Jared George. Score: 1) A cell with 1% solute concentration is placed in a beaker with a 5% solute concentration.

Date: Student Name: Teacher Name: Jared George. Score: 1) A cell with 1% solute concentration is placed in a beaker with a 5% solute concentration. Biology Keystone (PA Core) Quiz Homeostasis and Transport - (BIO.A.4.1.1 ) Plasma Membrane, (BIO.A.4.1.2 ) Transport Mechanisms, (BIO.A.4.1.3 ) Transport Facilitation Student Name: Teacher Name: Jared

More information

Anatomy and Physiology Placement Exam 2 Practice with Answers at End!

Anatomy and Physiology Placement Exam 2 Practice with Answers at End! Anatomy and Physiology Placement Exam 2 Practice with Answers at End! General Chemical Principles 1. bonds are characterized by the sharing of electrons between the participating atoms. a. hydrogen b.

More information

CELL MEMBRANE & CELL TRANSPORT (PASSIVE and ACTIVE) Webquest

CELL MEMBRANE & CELL TRANSPORT (PASSIVE and ACTIVE) Webquest Name: Period: CELL MEMBRANE & CELL TRANSPORT (PASSIVE and ACTIVE) Webquest PART I: CELL MEMBRANES WEBSITE #1: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=ap1101 1. What is the BASIC UNIT of LIFE?

More information

Todays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to:

Todays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to: and Work Metabolic Pathways Enzymes Features Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Membrane Transport Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Todays Outline -Releasing Pathways

More information

Ions cannot cross membranes. Ions move through pores

Ions cannot cross membranes. Ions move through pores Ions cannot cross membranes Membranes are lipid bilayers Nonpolar tails Polar head Fig 3-1 Because of the charged nature of ions, they cannot cross a lipid bilayer. The ion and its cloud of polarized water

More information

7. A selectively permeable membrane only allows certain molecules to pass through.

7. A selectively permeable membrane only allows certain molecules to pass through. CHAPTER 2 GETTING IN & OUT OF CELLS PASSIVE TRANSPORT Cell membranes help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling what substances may enter or leave cells. Some substances can cross the cell membrane

More information

Lecture 4 Cell Membranes & Organelles

Lecture 4 Cell Membranes & Organelles Lecture 4 Cell Membranes & Organelles Structure of Animal Cells The Phospholipid Structure Phospholipid structure Encases all living cells Its basic structure is represented by the fluidmosaic model Phospholipid

More information

2007 7.013 Problem Set 1 KEY

2007 7.013 Problem Set 1 KEY 2007 7.013 Problem Set 1 KEY Due before 5 PM on FRIDAY, February 16, 2007. Turn answers in to the box outside of 68-120. PLEASE WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THIS PRINTOUT. 1. Where in a eukaryotic cell do you

More information

Human Anatomy & Physiology I with Dr. Hubley. Practice Exam 1

Human Anatomy & Physiology I with Dr. Hubley. Practice Exam 1 Human Anatomy & Physiology I with Dr. Hubley Practice Exam 1 1. Which definition is the best definition of the term gross anatomy? a. The study of cells. b. The study of tissues. c. The study of structures

More information

Cell and Membrane Practice. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole

Cell and Membrane Practice. A. chromosome B. gene C. mitochondrion D. vacuole Name: ate: 1. Which structure is outside the nucleus of a cell and contains N?. chromosome. gene. mitochondrion. vacuole 2. potato core was placed in a beaker of water as shown in the figure below. Which

More information

Cell Transport across the cell membrane. Kathy Jardine and Brian Evans. July 17, 2014

Cell Transport across the cell membrane. Kathy Jardine and Brian Evans. July 17, 2014 Cell Transport across the cell membrane Kathy Jardine and Brian Evans July 17, 2014 INFORMATION ABOUT THE LESSON Grade Level and Subject Area 10 (9-11): Biology Time Frame 4-45 min class periods Objectives:

More information

Connexions module: m46021 1. The Cell Membrane. OpenStax College. Abstract. By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Connexions module: m46021 1. The Cell Membrane. OpenStax College. Abstract. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Connexions module: m46021 1 The Cell Membrane OpenStax College This work is produced by The Connexions Project and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,

More information

Absorption of Drugs. Transport of a drug from the GI tract

Absorption of Drugs. Transport of a drug from the GI tract Absorption of Drugs Absorption is the transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream. The rate and efficiency of absorption depend on the route of administration. For IV delivery,

More information

Biological Membranes. Impermeable lipid bilayer membrane. Protein Channels and Pores

Biological Membranes. Impermeable lipid bilayer membrane. Protein Channels and Pores Biological Membranes Impermeable lipid bilayer membrane Protein Channels and Pores 1 Biological Membranes Are Barriers for Ions and Large Polar Molecules The Cell. A Molecular Approach. G.M. Cooper, R.E.

More information

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids Chapter 3 MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules: polymers with molecular weights >1,000 Functional groups THE FOUR MACROMOLECULES IN LIFE Molecules in living organisms: proteins,

More information

BIOL 305L Laboratory Two

BIOL 305L Laboratory Two Please print Full name clearly: Introduction BIOL 305L Laboratory Two Osmosis, because it is different in plants! Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into

More information

Fig. 1. Background. Name: Class: Date:

Fig. 1. Background. Name: Class: Date: Background Bubbles make a great stand in for cell membranes. They re fluid, flexible, and can self-repair. Bubbles and cell membranes are alike because their parts are so similar. If you could zoom down

More information

Mammalian Physiology. Cellular Membranes Membrane Transport UNLV. PHYSIOLOGY, Chapter 1 Berne, Levy, Koeppen, Stanton UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA LAS VEGAS

Mammalian Physiology. Cellular Membranes Membrane Transport UNLV. PHYSIOLOGY, Chapter 1 Berne, Levy, Koeppen, Stanton UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA LAS VEGAS Mammalian Physiology Cellular Membranes Membrane Transport UNLV 1 UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA LAS VEGAS PHYSIOLOGY, Chapter 1 Berne, Levy, Koeppen, Stanton Objectives Describe the structure of the cell membrane

More information

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function Bio 100 - Cells 1 Cell Structure and Function Tenets of Cell Theory 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic living units within organisms, and the chemical reactions

More information

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107

Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107 UNIT 1: Biochemistry Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Function pg. 70-107 Organelles are internal structures that carry out specialized functions, interacting and complementing each other. Animal and plant

More information

8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Slide 1 of 51

8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Slide 1 of 51 8-3 The of Photosynthesis 1 of 51 Inside a Chloroplast Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Plant Chloroplast Plant cells 2 of 51 Inside a Chloroplast Chloroplasts

More information

Review of the Cell and Its Organelles

Review of the Cell and Its Organelles Biology Learning Centre Review of the Cell and Its Organelles Tips for most effective learning of this material: Memorize the names and structures over several days. This will help you retain what you

More information

Electron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane

Electron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane Electron Transport Generates a Proton Gradient Across the Membrane Each of respiratory enzyme complexes couples the energy released by electron transfer across it to an uptake of protons from water in

More information

MEMBRANE FUNCTION CELLS AND OSMOSIS

MEMBRANE FUNCTION CELLS AND OSMOSIS CELLS AND OSMOSIS MEMBRANE FUNCTION Consider placing a cell in a beaker of pure water (Fig. 1). The cell contains a water solution with many different kinds of dissolved molecules and ions so that it is

More information

Plasma Membrane hydrophilic polar heads

Plasma Membrane hydrophilic polar heads The Parts of the Cell 3 main parts in ALL cells: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material this is about the parts of a generic eukaryotic cell Plasma Membrane -is a fluid mosaic model membrane is fluid

More information

Diffusion, Osmosis, and Membrane Transport

Diffusion, Osmosis, and Membrane Transport Diffusion, Osmosis, and Membrane Transport Introduction... 2 Diffusion and osmosis as related to cellular processes... 2 The hotter the medium, the faster the molecules diffuse... 2 TASK 1: TEMPERATURE

More information

Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions

Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD [ 1. Cell body] [2. Neuronal membrane] [3. Dendrites] [4. Axon] [5. Nerve ending] 1. Cell body The cell body (soma) is the factory

More information

1. When applying the process of science, which of these is tested? a. an observation b. a result c. a hypothesis d. a question e.

1. When applying the process of science, which of these is tested? a. an observation b. a result c. a hypothesis d. a question e. BCOR 11 Exam 1, 2004 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When applying the process of science, which of these is tested? a. an observation

More information

Among a cell s most important activities are its interactions

Among a cell s most important activities are its interactions 6 Membranes Concept Outline 6.1 Biological membranes are fluid layers of lipid. The Phospholipid Bilayer. Cells are encased by membranes composed of a bilayer of phospholipid. The Lipid Bilayer Is Fluid.

More information

7.2 Cell Structure. Lesson Objectives. Lesson Summary. Cell Organization Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and many specialized structures.

7.2 Cell Structure. Lesson Objectives. Lesson Summary. Cell Organization Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and many specialized structures. 7.2 Cell Structure Lesson Objectives Describe the structure and function of the cell nucleus. Describe the role of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton. Identify the role of ribosomes, endoplasmic

More information

Cells & Cell Organelles

Cells & Cell Organelles Cells & Cell Organelles The Building Blocks of Life H Biology Types of cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells Cell size comparison Animal cell

More information

Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions

Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions 5 A model for the structure of aquaporin. This protein, found in the plasma membrane of many cell types, such as red blood cells and plant cells, forms

More information

Name: Hour: Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms

Name: Hour: Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms Name: Hour: Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight. All compounds

More information

Preliminary MFM Quiz

Preliminary MFM Quiz Preliminary MFM Quiz 1. The major carrier of chemical energy in all cells is: A) adenosine monophosphate B) adenosine diphosphate C) adenosine trisphosphate D) guanosine trisphosphate E) carbamoyl phosphate

More information

Investigating cells. Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells).

Investigating cells. Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells). SG Biology Summary notes Investigating cells Sub-topic a: Investigating living cells Cells are the basic units of living things (this means that all living things are made up of one or more cells). Cells

More information

THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY

THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY SECTION 4-1 REVIEW THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY Define the following terms. 1. cell 2. cell theory Write the correct letter in the blank. 1. One early piece of evidence supporting the cell theory was the

More information

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Cell Basics. Limits to Cell Size. 1. Cell Basics. 2. Prokaryotic Cells. 3. Eukaryotic Cells

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell. 1. Cell Basics. Limits to Cell Size. 1. Cell Basics. 2. Prokaryotic Cells. 3. Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 1. Cell Basics 2. Prokaryotic Cells 3. Eukaryotic Cells 1. Cell Basics Limits to Cell Size There are 2 main reasons why cells are so small: If cells get too large: 1) there

More information

Lab 4: Osmosis and Diffusion

Lab 4: Osmosis and Diffusion Lab 4: Osmosis and Diffusion The plasma membrane enclosing every cell is the boundary that separates the cell from its external environment. It is not an impermeable barrier, but like all biological membranes,

More information

A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage.

A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides. This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage. CH 5 Structure & Function of Large Molecules: Macromolecules Molecules of Life All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic

More information

Ch24_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Ch24_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Ch24_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Substances originating in plant or animal material and soluble in non-polar organic solvents

More information

Biology. Slide 1of 51. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology. Slide 1of 51. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology 1of 51 8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis 2of 51 Inside a Chloroplast Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Plant Chloroplast Plant cells 3of 51 Inside

More information

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Name Period Concept 5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers 1. The large molecules of all living things fall into just four main classes. Name them. 2. Circle the three classes that are called

More information

NO CALCULATORS OR CELL PHONES ALLOWED

NO CALCULATORS OR CELL PHONES ALLOWED Biol 205 Exam 1 TEST FORM A Spring 2008 NAME Fill out both sides of the Scantron Sheet. On Side 2 be sure to indicate that you have TEST FORM A The answers to Part I should be placed on the SCANTRON SHEET.

More information

Nerves and Nerve Impulse

Nerves and Nerve Impulse Nerves and Nerve Impulse Terms Absolute refractory period: Period following stimulation during which no additional action potential can be evoked. Acetylcholine: Chemical transmitter substance released

More information

Proteins and Nucleic Acids

Proteins and Nucleic Acids Proteins and Nucleic Acids Chapter 5 Macromolecules: Proteins Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group of biomolecules. : o Involved in almost everything o Enzymes o Structure (keratin,

More information

AP Biology-Chapter #6 & 7 Review

AP Biology-Chapter #6 & 7 Review DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST- USE ANSWER DOCUMENT AP Biology-Chapter #6 & 7 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. All of the following are

More information

RAD 223. Radiography physiology. Lecture Notes. First lecture: Cell and Tissue

RAD 223. Radiography physiology. Lecture Notes. First lecture: Cell and Tissue RAD 223 Radiography physiology Lecture Notes First lecture: Cell and Tissue Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work

More information

Carbon-organic Compounds

Carbon-organic Compounds Elements in Cells The living substance of cells is made up of cytoplasm and the structures within it. About 96% of cytoplasm and its included structures are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

More information

Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants

Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants 1. Overview of Transport in Plants 2. Transport of Water & Minerals 3. Transport of Sugars 1. Overview of Transport in Plants H 2 O CO 2

More information

Chemical Basis of Life Module A Anchor 2

Chemical Basis of Life Module A Anchor 2 Chemical Basis of Life Module A Anchor 2 Key Concepts: - Water is a polar molecule. Therefore, it is able to form multiple hydrogen bonds, which account for many of its special properties. - Water s polarity

More information

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. Stored Energy

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. Stored Energy Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Stored Energy What is Photosynthesis? plants convert the energy of sunlight into the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates sugars and starches. SUMMARY EQUATION:

More information

The Molecules of Cells

The Molecules of Cells The Molecules of Cells I. Introduction A. Most of the world s population cannot digest milk-based foods. 1. These people are lactose intolerant because they lack the enzyme lactase. 2. This illustrates

More information

Cellular Membranes I. BACKGROUND MATERIAL

Cellular Membranes I. BACKGROUND MATERIAL Cellular Membranes Objectives: 1. To explore the nature of cellular membranes by investigating environmental conditions which stress them. 2. To learn methods for measuring the extent of stress on the

More information

Lecture Overview. Hydrogen Bonds. Special Properties of Water Molecules. Universal Solvent. ph Scale Illustrated. special properties of water

Lecture Overview. Hydrogen Bonds. Special Properties of Water Molecules. Universal Solvent. ph Scale Illustrated. special properties of water Lecture Overview special properties of water > water as a solvent > ph molecules of the cell > properties of carbon > carbohydrates > lipids > proteins > nucleic acids Hydrogen Bonds polarity of water

More information

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CHAPTER 8 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OUTLINE I. Membrane models have evolved to fit new data: science as a process II. III. IV. A membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates A.

More information

Chapter 3 Molecules of Cells

Chapter 3 Molecules of Cells Bio 100 Molecules of cells 1 Chapter 3 Molecules of Cells Compounds containing carbon are called organic compounds Molecules such as methane that are only composed of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons

More information

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids & Phospholipids

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids & Phospholipids The Structure and Function of Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids & Phospholipids The FOUR Classes of Large Biomolecules All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: Carbohydrates

More information

Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms

Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms Name: Date: Per: Table # Elements & Macromolecules in rganisms Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight.

More information

Cellular Structure and Function

Cellular Structure and Function Chapter Test A CHAPTER 7 Cellular Structure and Function Part A: Multiple Choice In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best answers each question. 1. Which defines a cell?

More information

4. Which carbohydrate would you find as part of a molecule of RNA? a. Galactose b. Deoxyribose c. Ribose d. Glucose

4. Which carbohydrate would you find as part of a molecule of RNA? a. Galactose b. Deoxyribose c. Ribose d. Glucose 1. How is a polymer formed from multiple monomers? a. From the growth of the chain of carbon atoms b. By the removal of an OH group and a hydrogen atom c. By the addition of an OH group and a hydrogen

More information

How are substances transported within cells and across cell membranes?

How are substances transported within cells and across cell membranes? EXERCISE 5 Name How are substances transported within cells and across cell membranes? Objectives After completing this exercise, you should be able to: Describe the kinetic theory of matter and explain

More information

Student name ID # 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration? In photosynthesis? O2, NADP+

Student name ID # 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration? In photosynthesis? O2, NADP+ 1. Membrane transport. A. (4 pts) What ion couples primary and secondary active transport in animal cells? What ion serves the same function in plant cells? Na+, H+ 2. (4 pts) What is the terminal electron

More information

Introduction to the Cell: Plant and Animal Cells

Introduction to the Cell: Plant and Animal Cells Introduction to the Cell: Plant and Animal Cells Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things Cells, Cell Division, and Animal Systems and Plant Systems Cell Specialization Human Systems All organisms

More information

Organelles and Their Functions

Organelles and Their Functions Organelles and Their Functions The study of cell organelles and their functions is a fascinating part of biology. The current article provides a brief description of the structure of organelles and their

More information

PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY

PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY Name PRESTWICK ACADEMY NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY CELL BIOLOGY SUMMARY Cell Structure Identify animal, plant, fungal and bacterial cell ultrastructure and know the structures functions. Plant cell Animal cell

More information

Organic Molecules of Life - Exercise 2

Organic Molecules of Life - Exercise 2 Organic Molecules of Life - Exercise 2 Objectives -Know the difference between a reducing sugar and a non-reducing sugar. -Distinguish Monosaccharides from Disaccharides and Polysaccharides -Understand

More information