Passive controls. Passive solar heating. Direct gain and control of heat flow

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1 Passive controls Passive solar heating Direct gain and control of heat flow control of sunlight penetration good thermal quality of window (thermal insulation, thermal bridges) proper orientation other factors Low-E placement for warm climates Low-E placement for cold climates

2 Passive controls Passive solar heating Direct gain and control of heat flow Heat storage wall (transparent insulation) stores heat in wall mass adds to direct gain

3 Passive controls Passive solar heating Direct gain and control of heat flow Heat storage wall stores heat in wall mass adds to direct gain SUMMER WINTER MASONARY BLACK GLASS Trombe wall

4 Passive controls Passive solar heating Direct gain and control of heat flow Heat storage wall Greenhouse heat collection during the day buffer during the night Winter Summer

5 Passive controls Passive solar heating Direct gain and control of heat flow Heat storage wall Greenhouse heat collection during the day buffer during the night design constraints draw-backs

6 40 Passive solar heating Control Potential Zone limit temperature(s) achievable with passive control: Dv x A x η = q x (Ti To) report on psychrometric chart and determine CPZ Passive controls 40% SET 35 30% 20% ET 10% g/kg ET 20 ET 25 SET C

7 Passive controls Passive solar heating Thermal mass

8 Passive controls Jacobs House II in Wisconsin (Frank Lloyd Wright) Photographs and floor plans removed due to copyright restrictions.

9 Passive controls Theuer House in Phoenix AZ (William Bruder) Photograph and floor plan removed due to copyright restrictions.

10 Passive controls Passive solar heating Thermal mass mass distribution continuous occupation cold or hot-dry climates specific mass night ventilation Temperature ( o C) Day Ventilation Night Ventilation Date in August Outside o T

11 Passive controls Passive solar heating Thermal mass Air movement heat dissipation cross-ventilation or fans apparent cooling effect: dt = 6v - 1.6v 2 Boundaries of the Control Potential Zone Solid: with 1 m/s velocity Dotted: with 1.5 m/s -10 o C g/kg Two openings Cross-ventilation 5 Chimney Stationary warm air One opening

12 Pump Motor Fan Passive controls Passive solar heating Thermal mass Air movement Evaporative cooling Fibrous material pad e.g. wood shavings in cheese cloth Perforated drip pipe Sump with float valve for make-up water

13 Thermal balance Equilibrium of heat gains and losses Qi + Qc + Qs + Qv + Qe = 0

14 Thermal balance Qi + Qc + Qs + Qv + Qe = 0 Qi = internal gain (±) Internal Gains Heat Balance: Q F + Q V + Q S + Q I + Q E

15 Thermal balance Qi + Qc + Qs + Qv + Qe = 0 Qi = internal gain (±) Qc = conduction gain (±) Summer Sun Approx. Outside Air Temp 30 O Fabric Gains Heat Balance: Q F + Q V + Q S + Q I + Q E

16 Thermal balance Qi + Qc + Qs + Qv + Qe = 0 Qi = internal gain (±) Qc = conduction gain (±) Qs = solar gain (+) Winter Sun Approx. Outside Air Temp 12 O Solar Gains Heat Balance: Q F + Q V + Q S + Q I + Q E

17 Thermal balance Qi + Qc + Qs + Qv + Qe = 0 Qi = internal gain (±) Qc = conduction gain (±) Qs = solar gain (+) Qv = ventilation gain (±) Ventilation Gains Heat Balance: Q F + Q V + Q S + Q I + Q E

18 Thermal balance Qi + Qc + Qs + Qv + Qe = 0 Qi = internal gain (±) Qc = conduction gain (±) Qs = solar gain (+) Qv = ventilation gain (±) Qe = evaporative loss (-) Evaporative Gains Heat Balance: Q F + Q V + Q S + Q I + Q E

19 Thermal balance Qi + Qc + Qs + Qv + Qe = 0 for design project Qi = internal gain (+) = secondary heat sources + primary heating Qc = conduction gain (-) Qs = solar gain (+) Qv = ventilation gain (-) Qe = evaporative loss (-) 0 Passive gains/losses (for early March) determine active ("primary") heating component in Qi

20 Integrated approach: new classroom at MIT Criteria and risks for site envelope materials

21 Passive controls, Thermal Balance Reading assignment from Textbook: Introduction to Architectural Science by Szokolay: 1.4 (Intro) Additional readings relevant to lecture topics: "How Buildings Work" by Allen: Chap 9 + pp in Chap 10 "Heating Cooling Lighting" by Lechner: Chaps

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