Bridge of Troubled Waters? The Impacts of Transnational Regionalization in the Öresund Region for the Island of Bornholm
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1 Bridge of Troubled Waters? The Impacts of Transnational Regionalization in the Öresund Region for the Island of Bornholm Peter Billing 1, Rachel J.C. Chen 2 1 Centre for Regional and Tourism Research Stenbrudsvej 55, 373 Nexo, Bornholm Denmark billing@crt.dk 2 Assistant Professor Department of Consumer Services Management University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA rchen@utk.edu ABSTRACT The vulnerability of an island region can be measured by the presence or absence of links to the surrounding mainland territories. The Danish Island of Bornholm is linked by all-year-long ferry routes to three countries: Denmark, Sweden and Germany. Traditionally it has been the passenger and freight route between the major city of Bornholm, Ronne and the capital, Copenhagen, providing the main life line for the 42, islanders. However, since the opening of the Oresund bridge in 2 connecting Copenhagen and the southern Swedish city of Malmo, it has been the maritime route between Ronne and Ystad in Sweden, then road/rail transport to Malmo and over the bridge to mainland Denmark, that has become the most efficient and preferred route by the islanders. The new connection has also given rise to high expectations among the island s politicians, authorities and citizens for regeneration of an island economy suffering from a severe decline in fishery, farming and depopulation. These expectations are also related to the ongoing EU-supported transnational regionalization in the Öresund Region, which is attempting to create a leading European region consisting of the Danish regions of Zealand/Bornholm and the south Swedish region of Scania. Based on a before and after perspective on the Öresund Bridge, the hitherto impacts for Bornholm are analyzed and discussed in terms of economic, social, political, but also cultural consequences. The paper aims at highlighting the complex processes involved in a politically driven process of regionalization incorporating a very dynamic metropolitan area and a peripheral area such as Bornholm. Keywords: Transportation, Regionalization, Island transition. 2-2-A-3 189
2 Introduction For many islands struggling to survive, the construction of a bridge seems to provide the magic formula. However, as discussed by Godfrey Baldacchino in another conference paper, it is a formula with many different outcomes. Certainly, for some islands, a bridge can bring important and positive changes, but for others the impacts are not so obvious, and for some even of a negative kind. This paper also deals with the issue of islands and bridges, however, from a very different perspective. In focus is the Danish island of Bornholm, which has experienced considerable bridge effects without actually having had a bridge constructed. This paradox is explained by the strategic geographical and political position of Bornholm in the ongoing transnational regionalization process in the Öresund Region. A very concrete result of this integration process was the construction and opening of the Öresund Bridge in the summer of 2, connecting Denmark (Copenhagen) with Sweden (Malmö). Another important event for Bornholm was the incorporation of the island in 1999 as a member of the Öresund Committee, the Swedish-Danish political authority guiding the transnational integration in the Öresund Region. Five years after the opening of the Öresund Bridge and Bornholm s membership in the Öresund Committee, it is possible to point to major implications for the island. This paper highlights some of these implications, and critically assesses the threats, challenges and opportunities these developments have generated for Bornholm s future development. The Öresund Region into the European Context When the Øresund Committee approved the applications for membership from Bornholm and two other Danish counties in 1999, it brought an end to several years of attempts to define and demarkate the borders of Öresund Region. This development has in turn to be seen in the light of two larger interrelated processes. Firstly, the increasing importance attributed to the regional level by the European Union since the mid-198s. EUs growing emphasis on translational regional co-operation and integration was actively encouraged by the INTERREG IIA-programme carried out in In order to make the Øresund Region a major actor in the regionalization of Europe, the Øresund Committee was formed in One of the Committee's main responsibilities has been to administer the INTERREG-programmes, recently the INTERREG IIIA-programme for Secondly, the incorporation of Bornholm into the Øresund Committee has to be related to the profound economic and technological development processes usually discussed in terms of globalization. As a consequence the EUs policy has come to focus strongly on encouraging the development of dynamic and innovative regions: Globalisation is resulting in keener competition on account of the greater integration of markets... The transition to a knowledge-based economy and the promotion of the use of new technologies in regional economies as a whole are, therefore, becoming priorities, the European Commission states. In many respects, the Øresund Region can be seen as a model region for this kind of transformation with its strong position in key sectors, such as ICT, bio-medicine and pharmaceuticals, higher education etc. However, there s a growing fear that this dynamic development will leave the more peripheral regional areas of Europe even more marginalized. Thus, the EU is emphasizing the importance of complementary innovative measures to help the less-favoured regions to devise a regional policy which effectively meets the challenges of 2-2-A-3 19
3 the future, particularly the globalisation of the economy and the acceleration of technological change, while increasing economic and social cohesion in the European Union. The Danish Government s initiative Digital Denmark in has to be seen against this background. A cornerstone in this initiative has been Digital Bornholm, which is aimed at linking Bornholm to the dynamic centre of the region. Bornholm Map 1 The Öresund Region The Öresund Bridge and Infrastructural Change One of the major aims of the translational integration process in the Öresund Region is to develop a common and dynamic market place, where businesses, research and universities actively collaborate, and where goods and labour can move freely. The opening of the Öresund Bridge in 2 created the physical preconditions for such a development. Although the most optimistic expectations have not been met, the number of people crossing the bridge by car or train is constantly increasing. In million train passengers crossed the bridge (compared to 4.9 millions the previous year) and 3.4 million vehicles (compared to 2.9 million the previous year). The increased mobility can also be seen in the changing settling and commuting patterns. In four years ( ) the number of people moving annually from the Danish side to the Swedish side of the region, has increased from 5 to 2.2. However, it is mainly the Copenhagen-Malmö metropolitan area that is affected by the new settling patterns. During the same period, commuting has tripled and in 22 more than 6 people commuted daily from the Swedish side to the Danish side. That the construction of the Öresund Bridge has been accompanied by other major infrastructural investments in the region, has not caught the same attention. This includes the opening up of the Swedish railway connection between Malmö and Ystad for Danish Rail, making it possible to transport passengers from Copenhagen to the Bornholm ferry terminal in Ystad in less than one and a half hour. Furthermore the E65 highway between Malmö and Ystad has been improved and extended in order to better handle the dramatic increase in traffic between Bornholm/Ystad and Copenhagen. Finally, in 2 a fast ferry between Rönne/Bornholm and Ystad was introduced. 2-2-A-3 191
4 As a result, today it is possible to travel by car, boat, train or bus between Bornholm and Copenhagen in three hours, which is half of the travelling time before the Öresund Bridge. The fast ferry also makes it possible to make daily trips between southern Sweden and Bornholm. As a consequence, there has been a strong increase in the number travelling to and from Bornholm. As indicated by table 1, it is the new ferry route and the link to the Öresund Bridge that explains the increase. Today Rönne-Ystad accounts for more than 75% of the passenger traffic to and from Bornholm, compared to 59% in Table 1.Number of visitors to Bornholm by means of transportation Air Polen ferry Sassnitz ferry Copenhagen ferry Ystad ferry Ferry Flight Train/E65 Map 2. Routes to Bornholm 2-2-A-3 192
5 Expectations and Reality All in all, the Öresund Region integration process, the Öresund Bridge and the improved infrastructure, give the distinct impression that Bornholm is becoming more integrated into the central dynamics of the Öresund Region, politically, economically and physically. Not surprisingly the development has been greeted with obvious satisfaction by the political establishment in Bornholm: "Until 1989/9 Bornholm was situated far away from the international centres of growth. This has changed and is changing... Bornholm should be seen as an integrated part of the Øresund Region both in relation to Copenhagen, but also too a larger extent to Skåne.... This will mean that Bornholm will be regarded as a natural place to live, locate businesses, finding sub-contractors and other trading partners, to study, to hold conferences and seminars", the Bornholm Regional Council declared already in The high expectations for a positive long-term development as part of the Øresund Region has to be seen in the light of the serious socio-economic situation that gradually has evolved on Bornholm since the mid-198s. This includes the continuing decline of the traditional economic base in farming and fishing, diminishing inward investment, high unemployment, and the migration of younger Bornholmians from the island to go seeking jobs and educational opportunities elsewhere. However, there are no real signs that the Öresund Region has had any clear, positive effect on this situation. On the contrary, recent figures show that un-employment on Bornholm is the highest in the nation (12%), and in 23 the population dropped to 43., the lowest figure since the beginning of the 19s. Table 2. Commuting To/From Bornholm To From Net Undoubtedly, there have been bridge effects for Bornholm, but not in the ways expected, and most often with challenging implications. For example, the increased mobility in the region as a whole can also be noticed in the case of Bornholm. However, a closer look reveals that, while the number of people commuting to Bornholm has dropped by 2% since 1998, the number of people commuting from Bornholm has increased by 3%, giving a negative net-result of 5 people in 23. Realising that most of the commuters from Bornholm are people with higher education going to work in the Copenhagen area, the negative impact for Bornholm is even more evident. Another clear effect of the bridge has been the rapidly increasing numbers of visitors to Bornholm. Since 1998 we are talking about an increase in absolute numbers from 45. to ca. 6.. As shown above it is the fast ferry route between Rönne and Ystad and the link to the Öresund Bridge that primarily explains the increase. Undoubtedly the increase of visitors is related to a growing number of tourists choosing Bornholm as a preferred 2-2-A-3 193
6 destination, and consequently we would expect the tourism industry of the island to be experiencing a positive development. Once again, this is not a simple matter. While the number of total visitor nights is increasing (see table 3), we can also see that the total number of hotel bed nights is declining, from in 1998 to in 22. During the same period, the average number of visitor days has dropped from 8.4 to 6.8 days. In short, Bornholm has experienced a strong increase in the numbers of visitors, but they spend less time on the island and less nights in the hotels of the island. Table 3. Visitors and visitor nights on Bornholm Visitors (in thousands) ,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1,5 Visitor nights (in millions) Number of visitors Number of visitor nights The primary explanation behind this development is that it is the category of VFR, i.e. visiting friends and relatives, that has experienced a strong increase. With the fast ferry connection and fast train/bus/car transportation to the Copenhagen area, there has been an unprecedented growth in weekend travel to and from Bornholm. Furthermore, there has been an increase in day travel on the Ystad-Rönne route, but also in the growing number of Polish visitors coming for a day on the route between Bornholm and the Polish town of Kolorzberg. Table 4. Average length of stay of visitors to Bornholm Average length of stay in days 2-2-A-3 194
7 Challenges and Opportunities It is obvious that the development in the Öresund Region, since the opening of the Öresund Bridge and the ongoing trans-national integration process, has had impacts on the development of Bornholm. However, as discussed in this paper, the impact has so far not affected the negative socio-economic development characterizing Bornholm since the 198s. On the contrary, the increased net commuting from Bornholm to the Copenhagen area of mainly skilled people, indicate that Bornholm has to make some real efforts in order to be able to benefit from the improved infrastructure by attracting people to come to work and live on Bornholm. So far, the major impacts have been in the tourism sector, and as shown the number of visitors to Bornholm is rapidly increasing. Although a large part of this increase is in the category visiting friends and relatives, it is safe to say that tourism is continuing to develop as one of the most important economic sectors on the island. However, this raises several strategic issues to be considered. Certainly, this involves infrastructural and environmental issues in order to secure a sustainable tourism development on Bornholm, but it is also a matter of the urgent need to reinvent Bornholm as a destination and for the tourism businesses to begin reinventing themselves. There are strong indications that the increase of tourists is also accompanied by a change in the type of tourists coming to the island. No doubt, the traditional Danish and German (although fewer) families coming to Bornholm for a camping or summer house vacation is still an important segment, but it is also evident that Bornholm is becoming an increasingly popular destination among the +55 age group and for people with money to spend, looking primarily for recreational and cultural experiences. Table 5. Tourism Seasonality on Bornholm overnights visitors number of overnights number of visitors january february march april may june july august september oktober november december With its stunning nature and beaches, and a strong tradition in glass and ceramics, Bornholm has great potential for benefiting from the profound changes taking place in tourism. However, this requires that the very conservative and traditional tourism businesses 2-2-A-3 195
8 of the island are prepared to accommodate to the demand and preferences among the new customer/visitor segments. This entails measures to increase the level of service management, extending daily opening hours and, not the least, extending the tourism season. Given the improved infrastructure, making the island accessible all year around within a few hours from Copenhagen, Bornholm has the opportunity to become a destination for all seasons. In order to embark on these changes it is vital that the fragmented tourism industry of Bornholm increase their efforts to collaborate on destination and product development. In an age when the tourism sector is becoming more and more diverse and the preferences of tourists more and more individualised, tourism businesses need to find partners and develop activities in areas that they traditionally have not. Furthermore, it is essential that the regional authorities encourages this development, and also reconsiders existing tourism policies, both to secure a sustainable development and to actively support an innovative development within the Bornholm tourism sector. At best, this could position Bornholm as an attractive part of the Öresund Region, not only for tourists, but also for new businesses and people wanting to live and work on the island. 2-2-A-3 196
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