CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND RATIOS. A. To find the percent comp, divide the partial mass of an element by the total mass of the compound.

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1 I. Molecular Formulas and Ratios CHEMICAL FRMULAS AND RATIS A. Represent the atomic ratios in a compound. B. Molecular formulas represent mole ratios. II. Percent Composition A. To find the percent comp, divide the partial mass of an element by the total mass of the compound. Find percent comp for H.0 H % H = = 11.% H 18.0 H % = = 88.8% 18.0 H III. Empirical Formulas A. If iven the percent composition, assume you have 100 of the substance and convert the percent to rams. B. Convert the rams to moles. C. Divide each mole value by the smallest mole value to obtain the ratio. D. Assin subscripts to the empirical formula. 1. This represents the lowest (simplest) mole ratio.. Frequently, the molecular and empirical formulas are the same. Given 50% S and 50% convert to rams and continue as follows: 1 mole S 50 S =.75 moles S S 1 mole 50 = 4.5 moles moles S = 1.75 moles S 4.5 moles.75 moles S = S IV. Calculatin the Molecular Formula A. The molecular formula represents the actual atomic ratio. B. Steps: 1. Determine the empirical formula.. Determine the empirical mass.

2 3. Divide the molecular mass iven in the problem by the empirical mass to obtain the whole number mole ratio. 4. Multiply each subscript in the empirical formula by the whole number mole ratio. 5. Write the molecular formula. Given 50% S, 50%, molar mass=18 mole molecular mass 18 = emperical mass 69.1 / mole / mole = S 4 C. Hydrates 1. Hydrates are formed when water molecules are incorporated into the crystal lattice structure of a substance.. When writin the molecular formula for a hydrate the number of moles of water molecules are indicated as a coefficient. 3. There is no chemical bondin involved between water molecules and the crystal lattice structure. This is indicated by a dot in the molecular formula. NaCl 3H V. Chemical Equations A. In a chemical equation, the reactants are to the left of the arrow and the products are to the riht of the arrow. B. Matter is neither created nor destroyed. All chemical equations follow this law. 1. What oes in on the reactant side must come out on the product side. C. Use coefficients to balance chemical equations. (NEVER chane subscripts!!!) D. All states of matter must be indicated in a balanced chemical equation. 1. At room temperature ( 5 o C ) and one atmosphere of pressure the elements on the periodic table have the followin states of matter: a. Liquids: bromine, mercury. b. Gases: Noble ases, nitroen, oxyen, fluorine, chlorine, hydroen. c. All other elements are solid. VI. Balancin Chemical Equations A. Write the correctly balanced molecular formulas for all reactants and products. B. Balance the chemical equation usin coefficients.

3 H H H () H + () () + () balancesto : VII. Mole-Mole Conversions A. The coefficients in the balanced chemical equation represent mole-mole ratios, or conversions. This allows conversion from units of one substance to units of another. B. Limitin Reaents 1. The limitin reaent is the reactant the reaction will completely consume first.. Limitin reaents limit the amount of product produced. 3. In determinin the limitin reaent, moles must be compared. 4. Any time you are asked to calculate the amount of product, and you are iven the amounts of two or more reactants you must find the limitin reaent first. **What is the limitin reaent in the reaction Fe( s) + Cl(s) FeCl(s) if iven iron and 00.0 chlorine? 1 moles Fe? moles Fe = 100. Fe = 1.79 moles Fe Fe? moles Cl = 00. Cl Fe is the limitin reaent! VIII. Nomenclature (Inoranic) 1 moles Cl 0.9 Cl =.8 moles Cl A. First, when namin a compound, classify the molecular formula. Molecular Formula Binary Compound Two elements Tertiary Compound Three or more different elements Metal-nonmetal Nonmetal-nonmetal Metal-polyatomic ion Polyatomic ion-nonmetal Polyatomic ion-polyatomic ion

4 B. Rules for namin compounds 1. Namin binary compounds a. Metal to nonmetal i. Name the metal off periodic table. ii. If the metal is a transition metal indicate chare with roman numerals or the common name. iii. Name the nonmetal with the -ide endin. MS Manesium Sulfide b. Nonmetal to nonmetal i. Name the first element with the appropriate prefix. mit the mono- prefix. ii. Name the second nonmetal with the appropriate prefix and the -ide endin. N 4 Di-nitroen Tetra-oxide mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona decka. Names of tertiary compounds a. Metal-polyatomic ion i. Name the metal. ii. If the metal is a transition metal, indicate chare. iii. Name the polyatomic ion off chart. b. Polyatomic ion to nonmetal iv. + Name the Polyatomic ion off chart. ( NH 4 ) v. Name the nonmetal with -ide endin. c. Polyatomic ion to Polyatomic ion vi. + Name first polyatomic ion off chart. ( NH 4 ) vii. Name second polyatomic ion off chart. C. Writin the molecular formula iven the name 1. Metals will always be positive in chare and the first symbol. Nonmetals will be neative in chare when bonded to a metal 3. The sum must add up to zero. 4. Polyatomic ions must be treated as a unit a. Never chane or drop subscripts. b. Enclose polyatomic ions in parenthesis with the appropriate subscript outside if more that one polyatomic ion is needed. 5. Chares are not considered when writin the formula for nonmetal to nonmetal binary. 6. Subscripts are used to balance chares.

5 D. Namin acids 1. Acids must be in the (aq) state of matter.. Binary acids HA (H=hydroen, A=neative anion) a. Name the hydroen with the hydro- prefix. b. Name the nonmetal with the -ic endin. 3. xy acids are acids that contain Polyatomic ions with oxyen. a. Name the hydroen with the hydro- prefix. b. Polyatomic ions with -ate endin -ic acids. c. Polyatomic ions with -ite endin -ous acids. IX. Reaction Types A. Synthesis reaction A + B AB AB+ CD ABCD B. Decomposition AB A + B C. Combustion 1. A reaction involvin a hydrocarbon bein burned in the presence of oxyen to produce carbon dioxide and water. C H + C + x y () () H D. Sinle Displacement A + BC B+ AC E. Double Displacement AB + CD AD+ CB F. Acid-base reactions (special double displacement) 1. An acid reacts with a base to produce salt and water. HA ( aq) + MH MA + H( l) A = anion, M = metal

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