Chemistry B11 Chapters Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Benzene
|
|
- Olivia Bradley
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chemistry B11 Chapters Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Benzene Organic compounds: organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon and only a few other elements-chiefly, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens, and phosphorus (from 116 elements). Note: In the early days of chemistry, scientists though organic compounds were those produced by living organisms and they could not synthesize any organic compound by starting with only inorganic compounds. In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler synthesized the first organic compound in his laboratory (urea). N 4 Cl O heat + AgNCO 2 N-C-N 2 Ammonium Silver Urea ch loride cyan ate + AgCl Silver chloride Today, chemists obtain organic compounds in two principal ways: 1.Isolation from nature and 2. Synthesis in the laboratory. Note: Compounds made in the laboratory are identical in both chemical and physical properties to those found in nature. Why organic chemistry: we can find organic compounds everywhere around us (foods, flavors, fragrances, medicines, toiletries, cosmetics, plastic, paints, our body, and etc.). Chemist have discovered or synthesized more than 10 million of organic compounds. owever, 1.7 million inorganic compounds are discovered or synthesized (85% of all known compounds are organic compounds). Typical properties of organic compounds: 1. They contain carbon atom. 2. Bonding is almost entirely covalent (covalent compounds). 3. They have low boiling points and low melting points. 4. They are flammable (almost all burn). 5. They are soluble in nonpolar compounds and most are insoluble in water. 6. Many are gases, liquids, or solids. It is important to know: Carbon: normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons. ydrogen: forms one covalent bond and has no unshared pairs of electrons. Nitrogen: normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons. Oxygen: normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons. A alogen: normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons. Functional group: an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical behaviors. Functional groups are important in organic chemistry because:
2 1. They are sites predictable chemical behavior. A particular functional group, in whatever compound it is found, undergo the same types of chemical reactions. 2. Determine in large measure the physical properties of a molecule. 3. Serve as the units by which we classify organic compounds into families. 4. Serve as a basis for naming organic compounds. ydrocarbons: a large family of organic compounds and they contain only carbon and hydrogen. ydrocarbons are divided into two groups: 1. Saturated hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon that contains only carbon-carbon single bonds (alkanes, also called Aliphatic hydrocarbons). Saturated in this context means that each carbon in the hydrocarbon has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to it. 2. Unsaturated hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, triple bonds, or benzene rings. Alkanes: They are saturated hydrocarbons (they have only carbon-carbon single bonds). The molecular formula of this group is C n 2n+2 (n is the number of carbon atoms). Naming the unbranched alkanes: Chemists have adopted a set of rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The IUPAC name for an alkane consists of two parts: 1. A prefix that shows the number of carbon atoms (meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non- and dec-). 2. The suffix -ane. C 4 Methane C 2 6 Ethane C 3 8 Propane C 4 10 Butane Note: we can represent the formula of an organic compound by the molecular formula or by the structural formula. Structural formulas can be represented by three ways: Expanded (Complete) structural formula, Condense structural formula, and Line-angle formula: Expanded (complete) structural formula: to represent this model, the carbon atom is shown attached to the hydrogen atoms (we show all connections).
3 Condensed structural formula: to represent this model, the hydrogen atoms are grouped with their carbon atom. The number of hydrogen atoms is written as subscript. C 3 -C 2 -C 2 -C 2 -C 3 or C 3 -(C 2 ) 3 -C 3 Line-angle formula: is a form of the structural formula. A line represents a carbon-carbon bond and a vertex represents a carbon atom. A line ending in space represents a C 3 group. C 3 -C 2 -C 3 Propane C 3 -C 2 -C 2 -C 2 -C 3 Pentane Substituent groups: they are the branches in organic compounds. A substituent group derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom is called an alkyl group (R-). Alkyl groups are named by dropping the -ane from the name of the parent alkane and adding the suffix -yl. C 3 - Methyl C Ethyl C Propyl Note: some substituents derived from other elements or other spices than alkanes: -F Fluoro -Cl Chloro -O ydroxyl -NO 2 Nitro Naming branched alkanes: 1. Write the alkane name of the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms (parent chain or root chain). 2. Number carbon atoms starting from the end nearest substituent. 3. Give the location and name of each substituent (alphabetical order) as a prefix to the alkane name (main chain). Use a hyphen to connect the number to the name. C 3 C 3 -C-C 2 -C In this example, the longest chain is Butane. We number carbon atoms starting from the end nearest substituent (left to right). The location of subtituent is 2 and its name is methyl. Therefore, the complete name of this compound is 2-Methylbutane. Cl C 3 C 3 -C 2 -C-C-C Chloro-2-methylpentane Constitutional isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but a different connectivity of their atoms (different structural formulas). C 3 Butane: C 4 10 C 3 -C 2 -C 2 -C 3 Methylpropane: C 4 10 C 3 -C-C 3 Note: Constitutional isomers are different compounds and have different physical and chemical properties.
4 Cycloalkane: a saturated hydrocarbon that contains carbon atoms bonded to form a ring. A hydrocarbon that contains carbon atoms joined to form a ring is called a cyclic hydrocarbon. Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Physical properties of alkanes: 1. They are nonpolar compounds (the electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen is = 0.4). 2. The only interactions between their molecules are the very week London dispersion forces. 3. They are insoluble in water (because water is polar) and they are soluble in nonpolar organic compounds. 4. They have the lower density than water (their densities is between 0.7 and 0.8 g/ml). 5. They have the low boiling points and the low melting points. 6. They can be gases (with 1 to 4 carbon atoms), liquids (with 5 to 17 carbon atoms), or solids (with 18 or more carbon atoms). Note: In general, both boiling and melting points of alkanes increase with increasing molecular weight (the number of carbon atoms). Note: In general, both boiling and melting points of alkanes decrease with increasing the number of branches (for alkanes with the same molecular weights). As branching increases, the alkane molecule becomes more compact and its surface area decreases (London dispersion forces act over a smaller surface area). Chemical properties of alkanes: in general, they have a low reactivity (inert). Their most important reactions are combustion (reaction with oxygen) and halogenation (reaction with halogens). Combustion: alkanes react with oxygen (they are oxidized). In this reaction, CO 2, 2 O, and energy (heat) are produced. C 4 + 2O 2 CO O + energy (heat) alogenation: alkanes react with chlorine and bromine if we heat the mixture or if we expose the mixture to light (in the dark at room temperature, nothing happens). C 4 + Cl 2 heat or light If chlromethane is allowed to react with more chlorine: C 3 Cl + Cl Chloromethane C 3 Cl + Cl 2 heat or light C 2 Cl 2 + Cl Dichloromethane C 2 Cl 2 + Cl 2 heat or light CCl 3 + Cl Trichloromethane
5 CCl 3 + Cl 2 heat or light CCl 4 + Cl Tetrachloromethane Sources of alkanes: the two major sources of alkanes are natural gas and petroleum. Natural gas consists of approximately 90 to 95% methane, 5 to 10% ethane, and a mixture of other relatively low-boiling alkanes (propane, butane and 2-methylpropane). Petroleum is a thick, viscous, liquid mixture of thousands of compounds, most of them hydrocarbons, formed the decomposition of marine plants and animals. The fundamental separation process in refining petroleum is fractional distillation. All crude petroleum that enters a refinery goes to distillation units, where it is heated to temperatures as high as 370 to 425 C and separated into fractions. Alkene: an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The molecular formula of this group is C n 2n (n is the number of carbon atoms). Alkenes have less hydrogen atoms than alkanes. C 2 4 C 2 =C 2 C 3 6 C 2 =C-C 3 Alkynes: an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. The molecular formula of this group is C n 2n-2 (n is the number of carbon atoms). Alkynes have less hydrogen atoms than alkanes and alkenes. C 2 2 C C C 3 4 C C-C 3 Naming unbranched alkenes and alkynes: we use the IUPAC system of naming for alkanes. For alkenes, we replace the suffix -ane of alkanes by -ene. For alkynes, we replace the suffix -ane of alkanes by -yne. Note: Some alkenes and alkynes (particularly those of low molecular weight) are known almost exclusively by their common names (we show them here in the parenthesis). Naming branched alkenes and alkynes: 1. Name the longest carbon chain that contains the double or triple bond. 2. Number the carbon chain starting from the end nearest the double or triple bond. 3. Give the location and name of each substituent (alphabetical order) as a prefix to the alkene or alkyne name. C 3 -C=C-C 3 2-butene C C-C 2 -C 3 1-butyne C 2 -C 3 C 3 -C 2 -C=C-C 3 3-ethyl-2-pentene
6 Cis and trans isomers: isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms (and the same molecular formulas) but a different arrangement of their atoms in space. Specifically, cis and trans stereoisomers result from the presence of either a ring or a carbon-carbon double bond (not a carbon-carbon triple bond). Cis and trans isomers are different compounds and have different physical and chemical properties. 3 C 3 C C 3 C = C C = C C 3 trans-2-butene cis-2-butene Note: Both boiling and melting points of the cis isomers are lower than the trans isomers (because the surface areas of cis isomers are smaller and molecules are more compact). Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes: their physical properties are similar to those of alkanes with the same carbon skeletons. Chemical properties of alkenes and alkynes: these organic compounds are more reactive than alkanes. The most characteristic reaction of alkenes (alkynes) is addition to the carboncarbon double bond (triple bond): The double bond is broken and in its place single bonds form to two new atoms or groups of atoms. We can name four important chemical reactions for them: 1. Addition of hydrogen (ydrogenation or Reduction). 2. Addition of hydrogen halides (ydrohalogenation). 3. Addition of water (ydration). 4. Addition of bromine and chlorine (alogenation). ydrogenation or Reduction (addition of hydrogen): atoms of hydrogen add to the carbons in a double or triple bond to form alkanes. A catalyst as platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), or palladium (Pd) is added to speed up the reaction. The transition metal catalysts used in this hydrogenation are able to absorb large quantities of hydrogen onto their surfaces, probably by forming metal-hydrogen bonds. C = C + 2 C - C alogenation (addition of chlorine and bromine): chlorine and bromine react with alkenes (alkynes) at room temperature by addition of halogen atoms to the carbon atoms of the double bond (triple bond). We do not need any catalysts for this reaction (in general, we use an inert solvent, such as dichloromethane, C 2 C 2 ). Pt C = C + Cl 2 Pt C - C Cl Cl
7 Note: Addition of bromine is a useful qualitative test for the presence of an alkene (or an alkyne). If we dissolve bromine in carbon tetrachloride, the solution is red. In contrast, alkenes (alkynes) and dibromoalkanes are colorless. The disappearance of the red color as bromine adds to the double bond (triple bond) tells us that alkene (alkyne) is, indeed present. Note: addition of halogen to an alkene (an alkyne) is an addition reaction and two atoms of halogens are added to the carbon atoms of the double bond (triple bond). owever, addition of halogen to an alkane is a substitution reaction and only one atom of halogen is replaced by one hydrogen atom. Benzene: a molecule of benzene consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with onr hydrogen atom attached to each carbon. It has the molecular formula C 6 6. The real molecule of benzene is a resonance hybrid of the two Lewis structures (a unique feature that makes benzene chemically stable). C C C C C C C C C C C C Aromatic compounds: they are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more benzene rings in their structures. Arene: a compound containing one or more benzene-like rings. Naming aromatic compounds: 1. When one substituent group is attached to benzene, we write the name of the group in front of benzene. C 2 C 3 Cl + Ch lorobenzen e NO 2 + N itrob enzene Eth ylb enzene Note: The IUPAC system retains certain common names for several of the simpler monosubstituted alkylbenzenes: C 3 O OC 3 N 2 O C- O C-O Toluen e Phen ol A nisole A niline Ben zaldehyde Benzoic acid 2. When two or more substituents are attached to benzene, the ring is numbered give the lowest numbers to the substituents. The substituents are listed alphabetically.
8 Note: if we have two substituents, we can also use the prefix ortho-, meta-, and para- to show the position of the substituents (these names are common names). 1 COO Br 2-Bromobenzoic acid (o-bromoben zoic acid) 2 1 C 3 C 3 1,3-D imethylben zene (m-xylen e) C 2 C 3 1 Cl 1-Ch loro-4-ethylbenzen e (p-chloroeth ylb enzene) 2 3 Note: The susbtituent group derived by loss of an from benzene is called phenyl group, C Chemical properties of benzene and its derivatives: The most important characteristic reaction of aromatic compounds is substitution at a ring carbon (aromatic substitution). We can name for them these three reactions: 1.alogenation 2. Nitration 3. Sulfonation. alogenation: in the present of an iron catalyst, chlorine reacts rapidly with benzene to give chlorobenzene and Cl. FeCl + Cl 3 2 Cl + Cl Benzen e Ch lorobenzen e Nitration: when we heat benzene or one of its derivatives with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids, a nitro (-NO 2 ) group replaces one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the ring. In this reaction, sulfuric acid is a catalyst and it is added to speed up the reaction. 2 SO 4 + NO 3 NO O N itrob enzene
Alkanes. Chapter 1.1
Alkanes Chapter 1.1 Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties What s so special about carbon? Carbon has 4 bonding electrons. Thus, it can form 4 strong covalent bonds
More informationUnit Vocabulary: o Organic Acid o Alcohol. o Ester o Ether. o Amine o Aldehyde
Unit Vocabulary: Addition rxn Esterification Polymer Alcohol Ether Polymerization Aldehyde Fermentation Primary Alkane Functional group Saponification Alkene Halide (halocarbon) Saturated hydrocarbon Alkyne
More informationQuestion Bank Organic Chemistry-I
Question Bank Organic Chemistry-I 1. (a) What do you understand by the following terms : (i) Organic chemistry (ii) Organic compounds (iii) Catenation? [3] (b) Why are there very large number of organic
More informationCHM220 Addition lab. Experiment: Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes*
CM220 Addition lab Experiment: Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes* Purpose: To investigate the physical properties, solubility, and density of some hydrocarbon. To compare the chemical reactivity
More informationChapter 4 Lecture Notes
Chapter 4 Lecture Notes Chapter 4 Educational Goals 1. Given the formula of a molecule, the student will be able to draw the line-bond (Lewis) structure. 2. Understand and construct condensed structural
More informationIUPAC System of Nomenclature
IUPAC System of Nomenclature The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is composed of chemists representing the national chemical societies of several countries. ne committee of the
More informationORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
(adapted from Blackburn et al., Laboratory Manual to Accompany World of hemistry, 2 nd ed., (1996) Saunders ollege Publishing: Fort Worth) Purpose: To become familiar with organic molecules in three dimensions
More informationSurvival Organic Chemistry Part I: Molecular Models
Survival Organic Chemistry Part I: Molecular Models The goal in this laboratory experience is to get you so you can easily and quickly move between empirical formulas, molecular formulas, condensed formulas,
More informationthe double or triple bond. If the multiple bond is CH 3 C CCHCCH 3
Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic ompounds Alkenes and Alkynes Unsaturated contain carbon-carbon double and triple bond to which more hydrogen atoms can be added. Alkenes: carbon-carbon double bonds Alkynes:
More informationPage 1. 6. Which hydrocarbon is a member of the alkane series? (1) 1. Which is the structural formula of methane? (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (4) (4)
1. Which is the structural formula of methane? 6. Which hydrocarbon is a member of the alkane series? 7. How many carbon atoms are contained in an ethyl group? 1 3 2 4 2. In the alkane series, each molecule
More informationMolecular Models Experiment #1
Molecular Models Experiment #1 Objective: To become familiar with the 3-dimensional structure of organic molecules, especially the tetrahedral structure of alkyl carbon atoms and the planar structure of
More informationCHEM 203 Exam 1. KEY Name Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
CHEM 203 Exam 1 KEY Name Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. _D C 1. Which of the following elements is a large percentage of both
More informationQuestion (3): What are the different types of covalent bonds found in carbons compounds? Briefly explain with examples.
CLASS: X NCERT (CBSE) Chemistry: For Class 10 Page : 1 Question (1): What is organic chemistry? Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds of living matter i.e., plants and animals (CO 2, carbonates,
More informationH 3 C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3. Copyright 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 1: Organic Compounds 1.1-1
Section 1.1: Alkanes Mini Investigation: Arranging Carbon Atoms, page 10 A. Three different molecules of C 5 H 12 are possible. B. Five arrangements are possible for C 6 H 14, as predicted: H 3 C CH 2
More informationNOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 2010, 2003, 1980, by David A. Katz. All rights reserved.
NMENCLATURE F RGANIC CMPUNDS 2010, 2003, 1980, by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. rganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself to form long chains
More informationUnit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test
Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test 2. Write the IUPAC names for the following organic molecules: a) acetone: propanone d) acetylene: ethyne b) acetic acid: ethanoic acid e)
More informationQ.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula C 6 H 6
Aromatic compounds GE 1 BENZENE Structure Primary analysis revealed benzene had an... empirical formula of and a molecular formula of 6 6 Q.1 Draw out some suitable structures which fit the molecular formula
More informationEXPERIMENT 1: Survival Organic Chemistry: Molecular Models
EXPERIMENT 1: Survival Organic Chemistry: Molecular Models Introduction: The goal in this laboratory experience is for you to easily and quickly move between empirical formulas, molecular formulas, condensed
More informationChapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility
Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Deductions based upon interpretation of simple solubility tests can be extremely useful in organic structure determination. Both solubility and
More informationAn Introduction to Organic Chemistry
An Introduction to Organic Chemistry 81 Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon with the exception of simple compounds e.g. carbonates (CO 3 2- ), carbon dioxide
More informationChapter 18: Organic Chemistry
h 18 Page 1 hapter 18: rganic hemistry rganic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on compounds that contain carbon (Exceptions:, 2, 3 2-, and N - ) Even though organic compounds only contain
More informationName Lab #3: Solubility of Organic Compounds Objectives: Introduction: soluble insoluble partially soluble miscible immiscible
Lab #3: Solubility of rganic Compounds bjectives: - Understanding the relative solubility of organic compounds in various solvents. - Exploration of the effect of polar groups on a nonpolar hydrocarbon
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch 13_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In organic chemistry, the term unsaturated means a molecule A) which contains one or more
More informationCopyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Fourteen 1
An alcohol has an OH bonded to an alkyl group; a phenol has an OH bonded directly to an aromatic ring; and an ether has an O bonded to two organic groups. Chapter Fourteen 1 Ethyl alcohol, dimethyl ether,
More informationIdentification of Unknown Organic Compounds
Identification of Unknown Organic Compounds Introduction The identification and characterization of the structures of unknown substances are an important part of organic chemistry. Although it is often
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic substitution is the typical reaction type for aromatic rings. Generalized electrophilic aromatic substitution: E E Electrophile Lewis acid: may be or neutral.
More information83 to 87% carbon 11-15% hydrogen 0.1-7% sulphur 0.06-1.5% oxygen 0.1-0.5% nitrogen
Petroleum chemistry rude is the name for a liquid mixture of different hydrocarbon connections found in the earth. Petroleum, strictly speaking is crude oil, but it is used to describe all kinds of hydrocarbons.
More information17.2 REACTIONS INVOLVING ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC RADICALS
17. REACTINS INVLVING ALLYLIC AND BENZYLIC RADICALS 793 As Eq. 17. shows, the products derived from the reaction of water at the ring carbons are not formed. The reason is that these products are not aromatic
More information4/18/2011. 9.8 Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions. Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Substitutions
9.8 Substituent effects in the electrophilic substitution of an aromatic ring Substituents affect the reactivity of the aromatic ring Some substituents activate the ring, making it more reactive than benzene
More informationAlcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached to a benzene ring.
Chapter : rganic Compounds with xygen Alcohols, Ethers Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( H) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( H) attached to a benzene ring.
More informationIn the box below, draw the Lewis electron-dot structure for the compound formed from magnesium and oxygen. [Include any charges or partial charges.
Name: 1) Which molecule is nonpolar and has a symmetrical shape? A) NH3 B) H2O C) HCl D) CH4 7222-1 - Page 1 2) When ammonium chloride crystals are dissolved in water, the temperature of the water decreases.
More informationChemistry 1110 Organic Chemistry IUPAC Nomenclature
hemistry 1110 rganic hemistry IUPA Nomenclature 1 f the approximately 32 million unique chemical compounds presently known, over 95% of them can be classified as organic; i.e., containing carbon. The IUPA
More informationOrganic chemistry. Bridge course
Organic chemistry Nomenclature of Organic compounds Bridge course Nomenclature of organic compounds There are two systems of naming 1. Trivial system 2. IUPAC system Trivial system: When a few organic
More informationSuggested solutions for Chapter 3
s for Chapter PRBLEM Assuming that the molecular ion is the base peak (00% abundance) what peaks would appear in the mass spectrum of each of these molecules: (a) C5Br (b) C60 (c) C64Br In cases (a) and
More informationWhich substance contains positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons? A) O2(s) B) Cu(s) C) CuO(s) D) SiO2(s)
BONDING MIDTERM REVIEW 7546-1 - Page 1 1) Which substance contains positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons? A) O2(s) B) Cu(s) C) CuO(s) D) SiO2(s) 2) The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in
More informationChapter 13 Organic Chemistry
Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry 13-1. Carbon Bonds 13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-4. Structural Formulas 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 13-7. Benzene 13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups 13-9.
More informationChemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines
1 P a g e Chemistry Notes for class 12 Chapter 13 Amines Amines constitute an important class of organic compounds derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms ofnh 3 molecule by alkyl/aryl group(s).
More informationLaboratory 22: Properties of Alcohols
Introduction Alcohols represent and important class of organic molecules. In this experiment you will study the physical and chemical properties of alcohols. Solubility in water, and organic solvents,
More informationChapter 13 Organic Chemistry
Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of carbon based compounds. The structural and genetic materials of living organisms are organic compounds. Many of the substances
More informationBIOLOGICAL MOLECULES OF LIFE
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES OF LIFE C A R B O H Y D R A T E S, L I P I D S, P R O T E I N S, A N D N U C L E I C A C I D S The Academic Support Center @ Daytona State College (Science 115, Page 1 of 29) Carbon
More informationChapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur
Chapter 12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur 1 Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( OH) attached
More informationBenzene Benzene is best represented as a resonance hybrid:
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) is a substitution reaction usually involving the benzene ring; more specifically it is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as
More informationBasic definitions for organic chemistry
rganic Chemistry - Introduction F 1 Basic definitions for organic chemistry Scope rganic chemistry is a vast subject so is split it into small sections for study. This is done by studying compounds which
More informationCalculating the Degrees of Unsaturation From a Compound s Molecular Formula
Calculating the Degrees of Unsaturation From a Compound s Molecular Formula Alkanes have the molecular formula C n. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons because each member of the family has the maximum
More informationAROMATIC COMPOUNDS A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
A STUDENT SHULD BE ABLE T: ARMATIC CMPUNDS 1. Name benzene derivatives given the structures, and draw the structures given the names. This includes: Monosubstituted benzenes named as derivatives of benzene:
More informationChapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions I. Describing Chemical Reactions A. A chemical reaction is the process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. A chemical
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *0123456789* CHEMISTRY 0620/03 Paper 3 Theory (Core) For Examination from 2016 SPECIMEN PAPER 1 hour
More informationAustin Peay State University Department of Chemistry CHEM 1021 TESTING FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
TESTING FOR ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Caution: Chromic acid is hazardous as are many of the organic substances in today s experiment. Treat all unknowns with extreme care. Many organic substances are flammable.
More informationElements in Biological Molecules
Chapter 3: Biological Molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Elements in Biological Molecules Biological macromolecules are made almost entirely of just 6 elements: Carbon (C)
More informationThe Periodic Table: Periodic trends
Unit 1 The Periodic Table: Periodic trends There are over one hundred different chemical elements. Some of these elements are familiar to you such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon. Each one has
More informatione. What are the compositions and uses of fractions of crude oil? f. How are further fractions lubricationg oils and waxes obtained?
CRUDE OIL AND ITS COMPOSITION 1. Use a textbook to answer the following questions: a. How was crude oil formed? b. What is crude oil chemically? c. How can the components of crude oil be separated? d.
More informationFigure 8. Example of simple benzene naming with chlorine and NO 2 as substituents.
BENZENE NAMING EXPLAINED. This was excerpted from CHEM WIKI and is used with appreciation to the authors. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/organic_chemistry/hydrocarbons/aromatics/naming_the_benzenes. Simple
More informationALKENES AND ALKYNES REACTIONS A STUDENT WHO HAS MASTERED THE MATERIAL IN THIS SECTION SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
ALKENES AND ALKYNES REACTINS A STUDENT W AS MASTERED TE MATERIAL IN TIS SECTIN SULD BE ABLE T: 1. Given the starting materials and reaction conditions, predict the products of the following reactions of
More informationCHAPTER 3: MATTER. Active Learning Questions: 1-6, 9, 13-14; End-of-Chapter Questions: 1-18, 20, 24-32, 38-42, 44, 49-52, 55-56, 61-64
CHAPTER 3: MATTER Active Learning Questions: 1-6, 9, 13-14; End-of-Chapter Questions: 1-18, 20, 24-32, 38-42, 44, 49-52, 55-56, 61-64 3.1 MATTER Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies volume We study
More informationPart B 2. Allow a total of 15 credits for this part. The student must answer all questions in this part.
Part B 2 Allow a total of 15 credits for this part. The student must answer all questions in this part. 51 [1] Allow 1 credit for 3 Mg(s) N 2 (g) Mg 3 N 2 (s). Allow credit even if the coefficient 1 is
More informationALCOHOLS: Properties & Preparation
ALLS: Properties & Preparation General formula: R-, where R is alkyl or substitued alkyl. Ar-: phenol - different properties. Nomenclature 1. ommon names: Name of alkyl group, followed by word alcohol.
More informationMolecular Formula Determination
Molecular Formula Determination Classical Approach Qualitative elemental analysis Quantitative elemental analysis Determination of empirical formula Molecular weight determination Molecular formula determination
More information1. What is the hybridization of the indicated atom in the following molecule?
Practice Final Exam, Chemistry 2210, rganic Chem I 1. What is the hybridization of the indicated atom in the following molecule? A. sp 3 B. sp 2 C. sp D. not hybridized 2. Name the functional groups in
More information20.2 Chemical Equations
All of the chemical changes you observed in the last Investigation were the result of chemical reactions. A chemical reaction involves a rearrangement of atoms in one or more reactants to form one or more
More informationAlcohols. Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH 1-propanol OH
Chapter 12 rganic Compounds with xygen and Sulfur 12.1 Alcohols, Thiols, and Ethers Alcohols An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group ( ) attached to a carbon chain. A phenol contains a hydroxyl group ( )
More informationEXPERIMENT 3 (Organic Chemistry II) Nitration of Aromatic Compounds: Preparation of methyl-m-nitrobenzoate
EXPERIMENT 3 (Organic Chemistry II) Nitration of Aromatic Compounds: Preparation of methyl-m-nitrobenzoate Pahlavan/Cherif Purpose a) Study electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction (EAS) b) Study regioselectivity
More informationChapter 10. Conjugation in Alkadienes and Allylic Systems. Class Notes. B. The allyl group is both a common name and an accepted IUPAC name
Chapter 10 Conjugation in Alkadienes and Allylic Systems Chapter 10 suggested problems: I. The allyl group Class Notes A. B. The allyl group is both a common name and an accepted IUPAC name 1. Allyl alcohol
More informationChapter 13 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides. Carboxylic Acids. Names and Sources of Some Carboxylic Acids. IUPAC Names
Chapter 13 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides 13.1 Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid contains a carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group (C=) attached to a hydroxyl group (
More informationChemical Equations & Stoichiometry
Chemical Equations & Stoichiometry Chapter Goals Balance equations for simple chemical reactions. Perform stoichiometry calculations using balanced chemical equations. Understand the meaning of the term
More information2. Which one of the ions below possesses a noble gas configuration? A) Fe 3+ B) Sn 2+ C) Ni 2+ D) Ti 4+ E) Cr 3+
Chapter 9 Tro 1. Bromine tends to form simple ions which have the electronic configuration of a noble gas. What is the electronic configuration of the noble gas which the bromide ion mimics? A) 1s 2 2s
More informationThe elements of the second row fulfill the octet rule by sharing eight electrons, thus acquiring the electronic configuration of neon, the noble gas o
2. VALENT BNDING, TET RULE, PLARITY, AND BASI TYPES F FRMULAS LEARNING BJETIVES To introduce the basic principles of covalent bonding, different types of molecular representations, bond polarity and its
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch14_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Compounds with the -OH group attached to a saturated alkane-like carbon are known as A)
More informationChapter 16: Tests for ions and gases
The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series Hydrogen, although not a metal, is included in the reactivity series because it, like metals, can be displaced from aqueous solution, only this time the
More informationa. pure substance b. composed of combinations of atoms c. held together by chemical bonds d. substance that cannot be broken down into simpler units
Chemical Bonds 1. Which of the following is NOT a true compound? a. pure substance b. composed of combinations of atoms c. held together by chemical bonds d. substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
More informationPolyatomic ions can form ionic compounds just as monatomic ions.
1 POLYATOMIC IONS We have seen that atoms can lose or gain electrons to become ions. Groups of atoms can also become ions. These groups of atoms are called polyatomic ions. Examples: O hydroxide ion NO
More informationElectrophilic Addition Reactions
Electrophilic Addition Reactions Electrophilic addition reactions are an important class of reactions that allow the interconversion of C=C and C C into a range of important functional groups. Conceptually,
More informationMOLECULAR REPRESENTATIONS AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
MLEULAR REPRESENTATINS AND INFRARED SPETRSPY A STUDENT SULD BE ABLE T: 1. Given a Lewis (dash or dot), condensed, bond-line, or wedge formula of a compound draw the other representations. 2. Give examples
More informationChemistry Diagnostic Questions
Chemistry Diagnostic Questions Answer these 40 multiple choice questions and then check your answers, located at the end of this document. If you correctly answered less than 25 questions, you need to
More informationPrinciples of Drug Action 1, Spring 2005, Aromatics HYDROCARBON STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY: AROMATICS. Jack DeRuiter
I. Introduction YDOABON STUTUE AND EMISTY: AOMATIS Jack Deuiter ydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of - and - bonds. arbon has a valence of four and thus requires four electrons or bonds to complete
More informationIB Chemistry 1 Mole. One atom of C-12 has a mass of 12 amu. One mole of C-12 has a mass of 12 g. Grams we can use more easily.
The Mole Atomic mass units and atoms are not convenient units to work with. The concept of the mole was invented. This was the number of atoms of carbon-12 that were needed to make 12 g of carbon. 1 mole
More informationChapter Outline. 3 Elements and Compounds. Elements and Atoms. Elements. Elements. Elements 9/4/2013
3 Elements and Compounds Chapter Outline 3.1 Elements A. Distribution of Elements Foundations of College Chemistry, 14 th Ed. Morris Hein and Susan Arena Copyright This reclining Buddha in Thailand is
More informationSpecimen Paper. Chemistry 1F. Time allowed! 60 minutes
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number Specimen Paper For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier Question 1 Mark Science
More informationPRACTICE PROBLEMS, CHAPTERS 1-3
PRATIE PRBLEMS, APTERS 1-3 (overed from h. 3: Alkane and Alkyl alide nomenclature only) 1. The atomic number of boron is 5. The correct electronic configuration of boron is: A. 1s 2 2s 3 B. 1s 2 2p 3.
More informationCHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonding
CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonding SECTION 1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding OBJECTIVES 1. Define Chemical bond. 2. Explain why most atoms form chemical bonds. 3. Describe ionic and covalent bonding.. 4. Explain
More informationPrentice Hall. Chemistry (Wilbraham) 2008, National Student Edition - South Carolina Teacher s Edition. High School. High School
Prentice Hall Chemistry (Wilbraham) 2008, National Student Edition - South Carolina Teacher s Edition High School C O R R E L A T E D T O High School C-1.1 Apply established rules for significant digits,
More informationIB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
More informationElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring
More informationH 2O gas: molecules are very far apart
Non-Covalent Molecular Forces 2/27/06 3/1/06 How does this reaction occur: H 2 O (liquid) H 2 O (gas)? Add energy H 2O gas: molecules are very far apart H 2O liquid: bonding between molecules Use heat
More informationChapter 1: Moles and equations. Learning outcomes. you should be able to:
Chapter 1: Moles and equations 1 Learning outcomes you should be able to: define and use the terms: relative atomic mass, isotopic mass and formula mass based on the 12 C scale perform calculations, including
More informationORGANIC CHEM I Practice Questions for Ch. 4
ORGANIC CHEM I Practice Questions for Ch. 4 1) Write an equation to describe the initiation step in the chlorination of methane. 2) Reaction intermediates that have unpaired electrons are called. 3) When
More informationChapter 3: Biological Molecules. 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3: Biological Molecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Elements in Biological Molecules Biological macromolecules are made almost entirely of just 6 elements: Carbon (C)
More informationFormal Charges. Step 2. Assign the formal charge to each atom. Formal charge is calculated using this formula: H O H H
Formal harges Discussion: Ions bear a positive or negative charge. If the ion is polyatomic (is constructed of more than on atom), we might ask which atom(s) of the ion carry the charge? Knowledge of charge
More informationINTERMOLECULAR FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES Intermolecular forces- forces of attraction and repulsion between molecules that hold molecules, ions, and atoms together. Intramolecular - forces of chemical bonds within a molecule
More informationA REVIEW OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY: ELECTRONS, BONDS AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES
A REVIEW OF GENERAL CEMISTRY: ELECTRONS, BONDS AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES A STUDENT SOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Draw Lewis (electron dot and line) structural formulas for simple compounds and ions from molecular
More informationCoimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission
Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2007 CHEMISTRY - ORDINARY LEVEL TUESDAY, 19 JUNE AFTERNOON 2.00 TO 5.00 400 MARKS Answer eight questions in
More informationSample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies
Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies Without consulting Table 8.2, arrange the following ionic compounds in order of increasing lattice energy: NaF, CsI, and CaO. Analyze: From the formulas
More informationBonding Practice Problems
NAME 1. When compared to H 2 S, H 2 O has a higher 8. Given the Lewis electron-dot diagram: boiling point because H 2 O contains stronger metallic bonds covalent bonds ionic bonds hydrogen bonds 2. Which
More informationChapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds: Acids and Bases
John E. McMurry www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds: Acids and Bases Modified by Dr. Daniela R. Radu Why This Chapter? Description of basic ways chemists account for chemical
More informationEDEXCEL IGCSE chemistry (separate award)
EDEXCEL IGCSE chemistry (separate award) Section 1: Principles of chemistry a) States of matter 1.1 understand the arrangement, movement and energy of the particles in each of the three states of matter:
More informationfor excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency of the vibration
! = 1 2"c k (m + M) m M wavenumbers! =!/c = 1/" wavelength frequency! units: cm 1 for excitation to occur, there must be an exact match between the frequency of the applied radiation and the frequency
More informationChemistry Assessment Unit AS 1
Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education January 2011 Chemistry Assessment Unit AS 1 assessing Basic Concepts in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry [AC111]
More informationQuestion Bank Electrolysis
Question Bank Electrolysis 1. (a) What do you understand by the terms (i) electrolytes (ii) non-electrolytes? (b) Arrange electrolytes and non-electrolytes from the following substances (i) sugar solution
More informationCoimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission
2015. M33 Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2015 CHEMISTRY ORDINARY LEVEL TUESDAY, 16 JUNE AFTERNOON 2.00 TO 5.00 400 MARKS Answer eight questions
More informationExam 2 Chemistry 65 Summer 2015. Score:
Name: Exam 2 Chemistry 65 Summer 2015 Score: Instructions: Clearly circle the one best answer 1. Valence electrons are electrons located A) in the outermost energy level of an atom. B) in the nucleus of
More informationUnit 3 Notepack Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities Qualifier for Test
Unit 3 Notepack Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities Qualifier for Test NAME Section 7.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter A. What is a mole? 1. Chemistry is a quantitative science. What does this term mean?
More information