Citing and documenting your sources with the Harvard style

Transcription

1 Harvard The Harvard method of referencing, often referred to as the authordate style, is commonly used in humanities and social sciences. With this style, in-text citations consist of author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses, and the full details of the sources are entered in separate reference lists. The Harvard system is not defined in any single authoritative document, and this brief introduction is based on the style guide from Søk og Skriv. Citing and documenting your sources with the Harvard style s For works by a single author, the in-text citation gives the name of the author and the year of publication in parentheses. Example: Democratic media have been said to constitute a Fourth Estate (Carlyle, 1905) or public sphere (Habermas, 1989). If you refer to a specific point made by the author also add the page number, e.g (Habermas, 1989, p. 68). Elements within the parentheses should be separated by a comma. If one author is cited with several works published in the same year, the different publications are distinguished by adding a, b, c, etc. to the year of publication, see under the heading Reference list entries below. Secondary sources are sources quoted in your sources, e.g. (Moore, 1966, quoted in Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens, 1992). If you wish to make several references on a single point, give all the names and dates in parentheses separated from each other with semicolons (Moore, 1966; Rueschemeyer, Stephens and Stephens, 1992). Reference list entries The entries in the reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author's last name, then by initials. If the same author has several works published in the same year, the publications should be ordered alphabetically by title so the first publication is given the suffix a, the second b, the third c etc.

2 Author names are given as last name and the initial of the first name. If there are several given names all initials should be given. Only the first author's name should be inverted. Abbreviations like "vol.", "no.", "p." or "pp." should be in the language of your text, not the language of the publication you refer to. Examples Books (Carlyle, 1905) Last name, I. (Year) Book title. Place of publication, Publisher. Carlyle, T. (1905) On Heroes. London, H.R. Allenson. Habermas, J. (1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, translated by T. Burger. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. Books with more than one author Two authors: Give both names each time you quote them. (Furseth and Everett, 1997) More than three authors: Give all names the first time you quote them, then only the first author followed by et al. Edited books (Alsvik, 2005)

3 Last name, I. ed. (Year) Book title. Place of publication, Publisher. Alsvik, O. ed. (2005) Musikk, identitet og sted. Oslo, Norsk lokalhistorisk institutt. PhD or Master theses (Øverland, 2012) Last name, I. (Year) Thesis title. Thesis, University. Øverland, L. K. (2012) Corruption across Cultures: How Norwegian Organisations Can Operate in China and Russia. Master thesis, University of Tromsø. Book chapters (Kuhn, 2005) Last name, I. (Year) Title. In: Last name, I. and I. Last name, eds. Title. Place, Publisher, pages. Kuhn, R. (2005) Media Management. In: Seldon, A. and D. Kavanagh, eds. The Blair Effect Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp Journal articles (Last name and Last name, Year) (Hauser and Benoit-Barne, 2002)

4 Last name, I. and I. Last name (Year) Article title. Journal name, volume (number), page or page range. Hauser, G. and C. Benoit-Barne (2002) Reflections on Rhetoric, Deliberative Democracy, Civil Society. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 5 (2), pp Articles in electronic journals - with DOI (Last name and Last name, Year) (Kane and Patapan, 2010) Last name, I. and I. Last name (Year) Article title. Journal name [Internet], volume (number), page or page range. Available from: doi [Accessed date]. Kane, J. and H. Patapan (2010) The Artless Art: Leadership and the Limits of Democratic Rhetoric. Australian Journal of Political Science, 45 (3), pp Available from doi: / [Accessed 11 November 2013]. Web pages Title of web page/organisation, Year) (Transparency International, 2011) Title of web page/organisation (Year updated/copyright) Title [Internet]. Available from: URL [Accessed Date]. Transparency International (2011) Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed 12 March 2011].

5 Example of a reference list Alsvik, O. ed. (2005) Musikk, identitet og sted. Oslo, Norsk lokalhistorisk institutt. Carlyle, T. (1905) On Heroes. London, H.R. Allenson. Furuseth, I. and E. Everett (1997) Masteroppgaven. Hvordan begynne og fullføre. Oslo, Universitetsforlaget. Habermas, J. (1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Translated by T. Burger. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. Hancock, W.K. (1930) Australia. London, Benn. Hauser, G. and C. Benoit-Barne. (2002) Reflections on Rhetoric, Deliberative Democracy, Civil Society. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 5 (2), pp Kane, J. and H. Patapan (2010) The Artless Art: Leadership and the Limits of Democratic Rhetoric. Australian Journal of Political Science, 45 (3), pp Available from doi: / [Accessed 11 November 2013]. Kuhn, R. (2005) Media Management. In: Seldon, A. and D. Kavanagh, eds. The Blair Effect Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp Melleuish, G. (2009) Bruce Smith, Edward Shann, W.K. Hancock: The economic critique of democracy in Australia. Australian Journal of Political Science, 44 (4), pp Moore, B. (1966) Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. Boston, MA, Beacon Press. Rueschemeyer, D., E.H. Stephens and J.D. Stephens (1992) Capitalist Development and Democracy. Cambridge, Polity Press. Smith, B. ([1887] 2005) Liberty and Liberalism. Reprint. Sydney, Centre for Independent Studies. Øverland, L. K. (2012) Corruption across Cultures: How Norwegian Organisations Can Operate in China and Russia. Master thesis, University of Tromsø. More about the Harvard style Harvard-stilen (UiO)