Pulse Shaping and Control of Optical and RF Phase
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1 Pulse Shaping and Control of Optical and RF Phase Andrew M. Weiner Purdue University Support from ARO, DARPA, NSF
2 Outline Ultrafast optical pulse shaping: a core technology Optical spectral phase control (narrowband, 10 GHz - THz bandwidth) - Programmable (fiber) dispersion compensation - Subpicosecond pulses (via grating pulse shapers) - 10 Gb/s systems (via VIPA pulse shapers) Radio-frequency temporal/spectral phase control (ultrawideband, >100% fractional bandwidth) - Antenna dispersion compensation (via waveform design) - Programmable matched filtering (via spectral phase filtering) Other Purdue activities on phase control (not covered here) - (All-order) PMD compensation - Optical code-division multiple-access (O-CDMA) - Pulse shaping and frequency combs (O-AWG)
3 Femtosecond Pulse Shaping Fs data sequence Typical spectral resolution: 10s or 100s of GHz O-CDMA waveform Fourier synthesis via parallel spatial/spectral modulation Diverse applications: fiber communications, coherent quantum control, few cycle optical pulse compression, nonlinear microscopy, RF photonics Liquid crystal modulator (LCM) arrays: Typically 128 pixels (up to 640), millisecond response Functionalities: phase-only, independent phase and intensity, polarization A.M. Weiner, Rev. Sci. Instr. 71, 1929 (2000)
4 Programmable Fiber Dispersion Compensation Pushing the short pulse limits of fiber transmission All-pass channel with frequency-dependent delay Spectral phase equalizer Coarse dispersion compensation using matched lengths of SMF and DCF Fine-tuning and higher-order dispersion compensation using a pulse shaper as a programmable spectral phase equalizer Similar ideas apply to dispersion compensation in femtosecond amplifiers and few-cycle pulse generation A.M. Weiner, U.S. patent 6,879,426 ( ) τω= ψ( ω) ω
5 Higher-Order Phase Equalization Using LCM Input and output pulses from 3-km SMF-DCF-DSF link Input pulse Output pulse (without phase correction) already compressed several hundred times Output pulse (with quadratic & cubic correction) Chang, Sardesai, and Weiner, Opt. Lett. 23, 283 (1998) No remaining distortion! Applied phase
6 Intensity cross-correlation (a.u.) 460 fs transmission over 50 km SMF Commercial DCF module with spectral phase equalizer without DC by pulse shaper second-order DC by pulse shaper both second- and thirdorder DC by pulse shaper Time (ps) ~ 5 ns after SMF 13.9 ps after DCF 470 fs after quadratic/cubic phase equalization Phase (rad) π π (A) (B) Pixel # Essentially distortionless Z. Jiang, Leaird, and Weiner, Opt. Lett. 30, 1449 (2005).
7 460 fs transmission over 50 km SMF Commercial DCF + spectral phase equalization Intensity cross-correlation (a.u.) 1 w/o 50 km fiber, 460 fs with 50 km fiber, 470 fs Intensity Cross-correlation Time (ps) Essentially distortionless slightly broadened and larger pedestal but PMD beginning to appear Time (ps) Z. Jiang, Leaird, and Weiner, Opt. Lett. 30, 1449 (2005).
8 Pulse Shaping in WDM: Dispersion Compensation Research AWG pulse shaper and phase mask Grating pulse shaper and MEMS deformable mirror array Takenouchi, Goh and Ishii, OFC 2001 (NTT) ( ) τω= ψ( ω) ω AWG pulse shaper and deformable mirror Sano et al, OFC 2003 (Sumitomo) VIPA pulse shaper and curved mirror Neilson et al, JLT 22, 101 (2004) [Lucent] Shirasaki and Cao, OFC 2001 (Fujitsu/Avanex) Either colorless dispersion compensation or independent fine-tuning of different channels
9 Virtually Imaged Phased Array (VIPA) Extending Pulse Shaping/Processing to Individual WDM Channels R r Fiber Collimator Cylindrical Lens VIPA λ 1 λ2 λ 3 Virtual Source Array Introduced by Shirasaki, Opt. Lett. (1996) Offers high spectral resolution, as in a Fabry-Perot But acts as spectral disperer, with large spectral dispersion arising from multiple beam interference in side-entrance etalon geometry Fundamental Explanation τ θ k x ω Bor et al, Opt. Commun. 59, 229 (1985) Angular dispersion is fundamentally linked to delay gradient across a beam.
10 8-Channel Hyperfine Demux (~700 MHz linewidth, ~3 GHz channel spacing, 50 GHz FSR) Cylindrical Lenses Cylindrical Lens Collimator (input) Receiving Fiber Array (output) Channel spacings, linewidths vary with channel number VIPA (courtesy Avanex Corp.) Xiao, Weiner, and Lin, IEEE JQE 40, 420 (2004) Xiao and Weiner, IEEE PTL 17, 372 (2005)
11 Tunable Dispersion Compensation for 10 Gb/s Lightwave Systems Programmable Hyperfine Resolution VIPA Pulse Shaper 1 DWDM 0.5 λ1 λ2 λ3 Collimator Circulator λ λ n N channel DWDM input DWDM λ1 λ2 λ Dispersion Compensated N channel DWDM output CYL VIPA CYL ( ) τω= SLM + Mirror Apply quadratic phase ψ( ω) ω Spectral phase function repeats each free spectral range Useful for WDM G.-H. Lee, S. Xiao, and A.M. Weiner, OFC 2006 (paper OTHE5); IEEE PTL 18, 1819 (2006)
12 Tunable Dispersion Compensation: 10 Gb/s over 240 km Fiber VIPA hyperfine shaper: programmable quadratic phase B2B SMF 240km 20 km, 40 km uncompensated Compensated (shaper only, no DCF) G.-H. Lee, S. Xiao, and A.M. Weiner, OFC 2006 (paper OTHE5); IEEE PTL 18, 1819 (2006)
13 Ultrabroadband RF Photonics
14 Ultrawideband (UWB) Radio-frequency Photonics Time-domain (pulsed) RF systems 7.5 GHz Tx Electronics limited to ~1.5 GHz bandwidth Rx Application examples wireless communications radar electronic warfare UWB attributes high time resolution high data rate multi-path resistance overlay w/ narrowband services low probability of intercept
15 Photonic-RF Arbitrary Waveform Generation THz Phase Modulation 48/24 GHz FM Waveform RF Approach scales from GHz to THz! Optical Time (ps) Exploitation of optical pulse shaping technology for cycle-by-cycle synthesis of arbitrary RF waveforms (commercial technology limited to <2 <5 GHz) Optical intensity/delay controls RF phase/frequency
16 RF Waveform Generation via Photonics in the GHz Range Shaped optical spectrum Generated RF waveform (1.2/2.5/4.9 GHz frequency-hopped) Wavelength (nm) Grating pulse shaper time apertures typically limited to ~100 ps (insufficient for generation of RF signals in the low GHz range) Dispersive stretching in few km of fiber yields nanosecond optical waveforms Chou, Han, and Jalali, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 581 (2003); Lin, McKinney, and Weiner, IEEE Microwave & Wireless Components Lett. 15, 226 (2005) Time (ns)
17 Spectral Engineering of Ultrabroadband RF Waveforms Flat power spectra spanning the UWB band ~115 % BW ~8 db 1.4 db GHz GHz Impulses extremely flat RF power spectra. Chirped waveforms exploit spectral phase as a degree of freedom for increased energy and power spectral density. Spreading in both frequency and time high covertness potential McKinney, Lin and Weiner, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory. Tech. 54, 4247 (2006)
18 Experiments with Broadband Antenna Pairs Many antennas are highly dispersive! Transmitter Log-Periodic ~1-2 m Receiver Ridged-Horn Laser generated excitation pulse ~20 ps Impulse response ~5.7 ns McKinney and Weiner, IEEE Trans. MTT 54, 1681 (2006); McKinney, Peroulis, and Weiner, IEEE. Trans. MTT (2008)
19 Precompensating the Dispersion via RF-AWG! Log periodic Ridged horn Input: pulsed ~195 ps Output: chirped ~2.17 ns Input: predistorted Output: compressed ~264 ps McKinney and Weiner, IEEE Trans. MTT 54, 1681 (2006); McKinney, Peroulis, and Weiner, IEEE. Trans. MTT (2008)
20 Compression Data: Plotted vs. Power ~17x increase in P N 15 sidelobes 2 sidelobes ~2.17 ns ~264 ps ~88% decrease in duration Significant decrease in secondary oscillations (sidelobes)
21 Broadband Antenna Dispersion Precompensation Experiments with variable input bandwidth, 6 GHz Excitation Signal (Impulsive Case) Received Signal Impulsive Excitation Received Signal Dispersion Pre-Compensated Bandwidthlimited Dispersionlimited No compensation: minimum output duration at ~3-4 GHz bandwidth Compensated: Bandwidth-limited throughout (up to 167% fractional bandwidth)
22 Photonically-enabled UWB Pulse Compression Receivers Dispersion compensation, matched filtering, waveform recognition RF in RF out Pulse compressor Programmable spectral phase filtering (as in optical dispersion compensation) Appropriate receiver approach for ultrawide RF bandwidth where A/D converters suffer limitations Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters (state-of-the-art RF pulse compression technology) - Center frequencies up to 3.63 GHz GHz bandwidth (30 % fractional bandwidth) - Nonprogrammable
23 Arbitrary Phase-Amplitude UWB RF-Photonic filtering Hyperfine optical pulse shaper incorporated into RF photonics filtering setup Arbitrarily programmable RF amplitude and phase filters with sub-ghz resolution over tens of GHz Optical power (OSA) 20 GHz span RF phase (VNA) 20 GHz span RF power (VNA) 20 GHz span Xiao and Weiner, Journal of Lightwave Technology 24, 2523 (2006); Xiao and Weiner, IEEE Trans. MTT 54, 2002 (2006);
24 Principle of UWB-RF Waveform Compression H ( ) ω = V V * in in ( ω) ( ω) Phase-only matched filter Phase 1550 nm Opposite phase applied to Spatial Light Modulator ω Optical Carrier Optical Modulator Optical Pulse Shaper Photodiode Sampling Scope UWB Waveform Generator Spectrum Phase Spectrum ω 1550 nm ω Electrical Signal Optical Signal ω Hamidi and Weiner, JLT/MTT Special Issue on Microwave Photonics (in press)
25 RF-UWB Waveform 15 GHz Bandwidth Photonically generated 15 GHz bandwidth chirp waveform 14.2 db compression gain, 40 ps compressed duration (compared to 15.1 db, 38 ps ideal) Experiment Simulation Isolated waveform burst Electrically generated 15-chip M-sequence (13.5 Gb/s pattern generator) 15.3 db compression gain, 53 ps compressed duration (compared to 15.9 db, 51 ps ideal) Experiment Simulation Continuous periodic waveform Hamidi and Weiner, JLT/MTT Special Issue on Microwave Photonics (in press)
26 Summary Control of optical spectral phase for dispersion equalization - (sub-ps pulses 10 Gb/s systems) Optical techniques for control of ultrabroadband RF phase -Temporal phase control, spectral phase control - Antenna dispersion equalization, matched filtering Ehsan Hamidi Zhi Jiang Dan Leaird Ghang-Ho Lee Ingrid Lin Jason McKinney Prof. Dimitri Peroulis Shijun Xiao Acknowledgements Avanex Corp. (VIPAs) Funding: ARO DARPA NSF
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