Natural Gas Conversion Pocketbook
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1 Natural Gas Conversion Pocketbook 1
2 2
3 Contents Conversion Tables Standard 4-15 Key Assumptions Natural Gas (NG) Liquefied Natural Gas () Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Inter-Fuel References/Links 38 Copyright 2012 International Gas Union (IGU). The entire content of this publication is protected by copyrights, full details of which are available from the publisher. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. 3
4 Standard Conversion Tables Conversion factors are rounded up to at most four decimal places for approximation purpose. (1) Length multiply by centimetre () metre (m) kilometre (km) inch (in) foot (ft) yard (yd) mile x x 10-6 m x 10-4 km 100,000 1,000 39,370 3,281 1, in x x 10-5 ft x x 10-4 yd x x 10-4 mile 160,934 1, ,360 5,280 1,760 4 Example: To convert 100 centimetres () to inches (inch): 100 centimetres = 100 x = inches
5 (2) Area multiply by square metre (m 2 ) square inch (in 2 ) square foot (ft 2 ) square yard (yd 2 ) acre hectare m 2 1, x x 10-4 in x x x x 10-8 ft x x 10-6 yd , x x 10-5 acre 4,047 6,272,640 43,560 4, hectare 10,000 15,500, ,639 11,
6 (3) Volume multiply by cubic metre (m 3 ) cubic inch (in 3 ) cubic foot (ft 3 ) cubic yard (yd 3 ) litre ( ) Imperial gallon liquid (Imp. gal.) US gallon liquid (US gal.) Oil barrel (US bbl) m 3 61, , in x x x x10-4 ft , yd , Imp. gal US gal US bbl ,
7 (4) Velocity multiply by metre/second metre/minute (m/s) (m/min) kilometre/ hour (km/h) foot/second (ft/s) foot/minute (ft/min) mile/hour (mi/h) yard/hour (yd/h) m/s ,937 m/min km/h ,094 ft/s ,200 ft/min mi/h ,760 yd/h x x x x
8 (5) Mass multiply by ton kilogram (kg) grain (gr) ounce (oz) pound (lb) metric (tonne) long short kg 15, x gr x x x x x 10-8 oz x x x 10-5 lb , x x x 10-4 metric 1,000 15,432,358 35,274 2, ton long 1,016 15,680,000 35,840 2, short ,000,000 32,000 2, Note: tonne is an alternative designation for the metric ton.
9 (6) Force Or Weight multiply by ton-force newton (N) kilogramforce (kgf) pound-force (lbf) poundal (pdl) metric (tonne) long short N x x x 10-4 kgf x lbf x x x 10-4 pdl x x x 10-5 metric 9,807 1,000 2,205 70, ton long 9,964 1,016 2,240 72, short 8, ,000 64,
10 (7) Pressure multiply by bar = 100 kn/m 2 kilogramforce square centimetre (kgf/ 2 ) pound-force/ square inch (lbf/in 2 ) [psi] Standard milimetre atmosphere mercury at 0 o C (atm) (mmhg) Inch mercury at 32 o F (inhg) Inch water at 4 o C (inaq) bar kgf/ psi atm mmhg inhg inaq
11 (8) Mass Per Unit Volume multiply by kilogram/ cubic metre (kg/m 3 ) grains/cubic feet (gr/ft 3 ) pound/cubic inch (lb/in 3 ) pound/ cubic feet (lb/ft 3 ) pound/gallon Imperial (lb/gal) pound/gallon US (lb/gal) / cubic metre (/m 3 ) kg/m x gr/ft x x x x x 10-6 lb/in 3 27,680 12,096,000 1, lb/ft , x lb/gal (Imp.) , lb/gal (US) , /m 3 1, ,
12 (9) Energy Or Work multiply by Joule (J) = Nm kilowatt-hour (kwh) kilocalorie (kcal) horsepower hours (metric) British thermal unit (Btu) J x x x x 10-4 kwh 3,600, ,412 kcal 4, hp-h (metric) 2,647, ,510 Btu 1, x x
13 (10) Power multiply by kilowatt (kw) = kj/s kilocalories/sec (kcal/s) toncal/day horsepower (metric) (hp) British thermal unit/hour (Btu/h) kw ,412 kcal/s ,286 toncal/day hp (metric) ,510 Btu/h x x x
14 (11) Rates Of Flow multiply by cubic metre/ minute (/min) cubic metre/hour (/h) x 10 3 cubic metre/day (/d) x 10 3 cubic foot/min (/min) cubic foot/hour (/h) x 10 3 cubic foot/day (/d) x 10 3 /min /h x /d x /min /h x /d x
15 (12) Temperature o C o F From Degrees Celsius Degrees Fahrenheit Degrees Celsius Kelvins To Degrees Fahrenheit Degrees Celsius Kelvins Degrees Celsius Formula [(9/5) x o C] + 32 ( o F 32) x 5/9 o C o C
16 Remarks & Key Assumptions This section is intended to provide additional information as a reference ONLY on the properties/characteristics of natural, liquefied natural () and liquefied petroleum (LPG) for background understanding. 16 The approximations in the tables in Section 2 and Section 3 are based upon the following assumptions:- (i) For natural : Gas State in conversion tables is assumed at Normal, N (0 o C, 1 atm) 1,100 Btu/s (60 o F, 1 atm) = 1,163 Btu/ (0 o C, 1 atm) *S = Standard cubic feet. Standard means (60 o F, 1 atm) (ii) For 1 tonne = 1,300 Nm 3 [*N: Normal. Normal means (0 o C, 1 atm) ]; Density = 450 kg/m 3 (iii) For LPG, An assumed 50/50 propane/butane mixture with (r) and (p) indicating that the LPG is either refrigerated or pressurised. The simulation software known as Virtual Materials Group (VMG) Process Simulator is used in the process. Other assumptions are as below:- Pressurised (p): temperature = 20 o C, Vapour Fraction (VapFrac) = 0 Refrigerated (r): temperature = each bing point, Pressure = 0 kpa (g), g = gauge pressure Corresponding bing points -> Ethane : o C Propane : 42.2 o C n-butane : -0.6 o C C3.C4 mix : o C
17 (iv) Calorific values, mmbtu (gross): mmbtu/tonne (gross) mmbtu/bbl mmbtu/m Oil Coal 27.3 (v) (vi) 1 tonne of equivalent (toe) = GJ = mmbtu 1 barrel of equivalent (boe) = 5,800,000 Btu = 5.8 mmbtu 17
18 Natural Gas Conversion Tables (1) Heat & Volume multiply by = Nm 3 = ft 3 mmbtu GJ Mcal kwh boe x 10-4 mmbtu GJ Mcal x 10-4 kwh x 10-4 boe , ,462 1,700 Note: 1 PetaJoule (PJ) = 1 million GigaJoule (GJ) 18
19 (2) Energy Consumption multiply by N b/yr mm/d (0 o C, 1 atm) boe/d x 10 3 toe/yr x 10 3 N b/yr mm/d boe/d x 10 3 toe/yr x boe volumes are normally expressed in gross and toe in net , (3) Gross Calorific Value < > Net Calorific Value (Natural Gas) Gross Net Gross Net
20 (4) Gas Consumption for Industrial Purposes PROCESS Power Generation (Open Cycle) Power Generation (Combined Cycle) Project (Plant and Shipping) Ammonia / Urea Production Methanol Production INPUT 1.0 b into plant 1.0 b into plant 1.0 b into plant 1.0 b into plant 1.0 b into plant OUTPUT 3,700 GWh electricity 5,800 GWh electricity 0.85 b reified 1.8 million fertiliser 1.1 million methanol 20 Gas-to-Liquids 1.0 b into plant 4.0 million These figures can vary greatly, depending on such factors as the process used, the design and age of the plant, efficiency of operation, ambient conditions, etc. They should be used with caution and only for general exercises. All numbers are rounded.
21 (5) Pipeline Capacities External diameter (inches) Capacity (b/y) These numbers are indicative only and can vary widely 21
22 (1) Mass, Volume and Heat Conversion Tables multiply by Tonnes m 3 Nm 3 ft 3 mmbtu boe Tonnes ,300 45, m , m x ft x x x 10-4 mmbtu boe ,
23 23 The average composition is chosen as being representative among compositions provided by different receiving terminals Expansion ratio m 3 (n)/ m 3 liq Nitrogen N2 % Origin Methane C1 % Ethane C2 % Propane C3 % C4+ % density kg/m 3 Gas density kg/m 3 (n) Gas GCV MJ/m 3 (n) Abu Dhabi Algeria-Arzew Algeria-Bethioua 1 Algeria-Bethioua 2 Algeria-Skikda Australia-NWS Brunei Egypt-Damietta Egypt-Idku Equatorial Guinea Indonesia-Arun Indonesia-Badak Indonesia-Tangguh Libya Malaysia Nigeria Norway Oman Peru Qatar-Qatar I Russia-Sakhalin Trinidad U.S.A-Alaska Yemen (2) Characteristics
24 (1) LPG & Ethane: Weight, Volume and Heat C3. C4 mix is treated separately in which the results are generated from the VMG Simulator. Cubic Metres Per Tonne m 3 /tonne Ethane Propane n-butane C3. C4 mix Pressurised (p) Refrigerated (r) mmbtu Per Tonne mmbtu/tonne Ethane Propane n-butane C3. C4 mix Pressurised (p) Refrigerated (r) Barrels Per Tonne bbl/tonne Ethane Propane n-butane C3. C4 mix Pressurised (p) Refrigerated (r)
25 mmbtu Per Cubic Metre mmbtu/m 3 Ethane Propane n-butane C3. C4 mix Pressurised (p) Refrigerated (r) mmbtu Per Barrel mmbtu/bbl Ethane Propane n-butane C3. C4 mix Pressurised (p) Refrigerated (r) Barrel Per Day = Tonnes Per Annum 1 bbl/d = tonne/y Ethane Propane n-butane C3. C4 mix Pressurised (p) Refrigerated (r)
26 Inter-fuel Conversion Tables The tables contain quick reference equivalents and other factors of general relevance to the natural industry. All figures are to be taken as APPROXIMATE VALUES only for use when a high degree of precision is not required. The approximations in these tables are based upon the assumptions that are listed in pages 16 and 17. (1) Natural Gas: Cubic Metre Equivalents Per Year Per Day 1 b natural per year = x x x x x x x x x x 10 6 Btu LPG x x ,107 29,457 2,378 24,869 27,268 2,835 19,395 4,120 Btu LPG 26
27 Per Year Per Day 1 mm natural per day = 12.9 x x x x x x x x x x 10 6 Btu LPG x x , ,077 9,953 1,035 7,079 1,504 Btu LPG 27
28 (2) Natural Gas: Cubic Foot Equivalents Per Year Per Day 1 t natural per year = 1.0 x x x x x x x , x x 10 6 = m 3 = kilolitre 28
29 Per Year Per Day 100 mm natural per day = x x x x x x x x x x x 10 6 Btu LPG 1.0 x x x ,178 30,446 2,458 25,703 28,183 2,930 20,046 4,259 Btu LPG 29
30 (3) : Volumetric Equivalents Per Year Per Day 1 MTPA = x x x x x x x x x x x x 10 6 Btu LPG x x x x ,088 38,294 3,092 32,329 35,448 3,685 25,213 5,357 Btu LPG 30
31 Per Year Per Day 1 mm per year = x x x x x x x x x x x 10 6 Btu LPG x x x ,233 17,232 1,391 14,548 15,952 1,658 11,346 2,410 Btu LPG 31
32 (4) LPG (Refrigerated) Equivalent based on 50% C 3, 50% C 4 Per Year Per Day 1 MT LPG per year = x x x x x x x x x x x ,428 33,935 4,555 28,649 3,266 22,343 4,747 32
33 Per Year Per Day 10,000 bbl LPG per day = 14.2 x x x x x x x x x ,590 1,140 7,799 1,657 Per Year Per Day 1 mm LPG per year = x x x x x x x x x ,648 17,232 1,964 13,439 2,855 33
34 (5) LPG (Pressurised) Equivalent based on 50% C 3, 50% C 4 Per Year Per Day 1 MT LPG per year = x x x x x x x x x x x ,428 33,935 4,994 31,413 3,266 22,343 4,747 34
35 Per Year Per Day 10,000 bbl LPG per day = x x x x x x x x x ,590 1,040 7,113 1,511 Per Year Per Day 1 mm LPG per year = x x x x x x x x x ,503 17,232 1,791 12,257 2,604 35
36 (6) Oil and Coal Equivalents Per Year Per Day 1 MT per year = x x x x x x x x x x 10 6 Btu LPG x x x ,037 28,470 2,299 24,036 26,354 18,745 3,982 Btu LPG 36
37 Per Year Per Day 1 MT per year = x x x x x x x x x 10 6 Btu LPG x x x ,401 19,586 1,581 16,535 18,130 1,885 Btu LPG Per Year Per Day 10,000 bbl per day = x x x x x 10 6 Btu x x x ,462 2,125 Btu 37
38 Selected References The following references were used by the team in the preparation of this guide. The IGU wishes to thank and record its appreciation to the respective publishers and organisations:- [1] NATURAL GAS Physical and Engineering Data, Shell Companies in Malaysia, March 1983 [2] Natural Gas Equivalents, Shell International Gas Limited, 1992 [3] Natural Gas Fundamentals by Malcolm W.H. Peebles, Shell International Gas Limited, 1992 [4] The Alphatania Natural Gas Glossary of Terms & Measurements and Natural Gas Conversion Tables, Alphatania Ltd. [5] The Fundamentals of the Natural Gas Industry, The Petroleum Economist and Gas World International, October 1995 [6] Fundamental of Natural Gas: An International Perspective, Vivek Chandra, September 2006 [7] Virtual Materials Group (VMG) Process Simulator, commercially available software [8] Industry in 2010, The International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers (GIIGNL) [9] Gas and Industry Glossary, Alphatania Training, [10] Santos, Conversion Calculator, [11] Conversion Factors, BP, [12] Online Conversion, [13] OECD, Glossary of Statistical Terms, [14] General Facts on LPG, LPGSOLUTIONS, [15] Standards, The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International, 38
39 39
40 40 The International Gas Union (IGU), founded in 1931, is a worldwide non-profit organisation promoting the political, technical and economic progress of the industry with the mission to advocate for as an integral part of a sustainable global energy system. IGU has more than 110 members worldwide and represents more than 95% of the world's market. The members are national associations and corporations of the industry. The working organisation of IGU covers the complete value chain of the industry from upstream to downstream. For more information please visit
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