b.*i heard the music, although Bill told me not to do so. (11) Remain, stand, sit, stay, roll huddle, keep, squat, Slice, listen to, ask, break,

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1 (1) a. Slice the salami. b. *Know the answer. cf. (i) a. Try to know the answer by Monday. b. Know the answer by tomorrow. (ii) a. Know the answer, or you ll get a flunk. b. Be rich, and you ll be respected. (2) a. He is slicing the salami. b.*he is knowing the answer. (3) a. I persuaded John to slice the salami. b.*i persuaded John to know the answer. (4) a.what I did was (to) slice the salami. b.*what I did, was (to) know the answer. (5) a. John sliced the cucumber thinly. b.*john knew the answer enthusiastically. (6) a. I sliced the cucumber in an enthusiastic manner. b. *I knew the answer in an enthusiastic manner. (7) a. The way that John looks at pictures bothers me. b. *The way that John knows the answer bothers me. cf. (i) John s driving bothers me. a. The fact John drove bothers me. b. The way John drove bothers me. (ii) John s knowledge of that fact bothers me. a. The fact that John knew that fact bothers me. b. *The way that John knew that fact bothers me. (8) a. I sliced the salami for my sake. b. *I knew the answer for my sake. (9) a. I listened to the music instead of looking at the painting. b.*i heard the music instead of looking at the painting. (10) a. I listened to the music, although Bill told me not to do so. (11) b.*i heard the music, although Bill told me not to do so. Slice, listen to, ask, break, Remain, stand, sit, stay, roll huddle, keep, squat, [ ] Fall, encounter, roll Know, hear, think, believe [ ] that S [ ] 1

(5) a. John sliced the cucumber thinly. b.*john knew the answer enthusiastically. (6) a. I sliced the cucumber in an enthusiastic manner. b. *I knew the answer in an enthusiastic manner. (7) a.

2 (1) a. *Encounter Mary. b. Don t encounter Mary. c.*encounter great difficulties. (2) a. *John is encountering Mary now. b. I am encountering great difficulties. (3) a. What I did was encounter Mary. (4) *I persuaded John to encounter Mary. (5) *John encountered Mary reluctantly. (6) *John encountered Mary for his teacher s sake. (7) John encountered Mary instead of visiting her. (8) I encountered Mary, although Bill told me not to do so. (9)*I encountered Mary, because Bill told me to do so. (1) ache, catch (=understand), (can) distinguish, notice, observe, perceive, (can) see, (can) smell, (can) taste, tingle, etc. (2) agree, appreciate, assume, believe, bet [informal], comprehend, (can't) conceive of, consider, (can't) credit, disagree, disbelieve, estimate, expect, feel, figure [Am E], find, forget, gather, get it (=understand, [informal]), guess [Am E], hear (=to be told), hear about (=get to know), hear of (=know about), hope, imagine (=think), know, presume (suppose), realize, recognize, recollect, regard, see (=understand), see through, suppose, suspect, (can't) tell, think (=believe), understand, wonder, etc (3) admire, adore, (it) appeal to, appreciate, (it) astonish, (it) attract, believe in, care about, dare, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, envy, esteem, fancy, fear, hate, hope, (it) impress, (it) interest, like, love, mean, mind, need, (it) please, prefer, prize, regret, require, respect, (can't) stand, swear by, trust, value, want, wish, etc. (4) cost, equal, measure, weigh, etc. (5) add up (=make sense), (can) afford, appear (=seem), be, belong, belong to, chance, come about, come from (your place of origin), comprise, (it) concern, consist of, constitute, contain, correspond to/with, count, depend on, deserve, differ from, entail, exceed, excel in, feel, fit, happen to, have/have got, hold (=contain), (it) include, (it) involve, keep doing, know somebody, lack, look (=appear), (it) matter, (it) mean, merit, number (=reach total), own, possess, prove, (it) tread, represent, resemble, (it) result 2

(8) I encountered Mary, although Bill told me not to do so. (9)*I encountered Mary, because Bill told me to do so.

3 from, (it) say, seem, signify, (it) smell (of), (it) sound (=seem), (it) stand for, (it) suit (=be suitable), (it) taste (of), tend, own, etc. (1) What are you doing? a. I am running. < (activity)> b. I am drawing a circle. < (accomplishment)> c. *I am reaching the top. (ok [ ]) < (achievement)> d. *I am loving her. < (state)> (2) For how long did he {run /*draw a circle /*reach the top / love her}? (3) He { ran /*draw a circle /*reached the top / loved her} for two days. (4) How long did it take to {*run / draw a circle / reach the top /*love her}? (5) It took two hours to { run / draw a circle / reach the top /*love her}. (1) If he was running, then he ran. (2) a. For how long did he run? b.*how long did it take him to run? (3) What happened? John. (4) a. He began to run. b. He stopped running. (5) a. At what time did you { begin to run [ ] / stop to run [ ]/ stop running [ ] }? b.*at what time did you run? (6) a. I work for General Electric. (=I am a worker for General Electric.) b. Do you smoke? c. How long do you work for CIA? (7) climb up/down, drink, eat, fly, jump, kiss someone, knit, look at someone, pull something, push something, ring, run, speak, swim, talk to/with someone, walk, wash write, etc. (1) If he is drawing a circle, then it does not necessarily imply that he drew a circle (2) He was making a table. [ ] (3) a.*for how long did he draw a circle? b. How long did it take him to draw a circle? (4) What happened? John. (5) a. He began to draw a circle. b. He stopped drawing a circle. 3

< (state)> (2) For how long did he {run /*draw a circle /*reach the top / love her}? (3) He { ran /*draw a circle /*reached the top / loved her} for two days.

4 c. He stopped to draw a circle. (3) a. At what time did you { begin to draw a circle / stop to draw a circle / stop drawing a circle}? b. At what time did you draw a circle? (4) a.*grow up! b. *I persuaded John to grow up. c. *What I did was recover from illness. d. *I grew up for my mother s sake. e. *I recovered from illness instead of listening to the music. (6) a. John is growing up. [~ ] b. Mary is recovering from illness. [~ ] (7) For how long did { *he draw a circle [ ] / he draw circles / they draw circles ( / )? (8) How long did it take { him to draw a circle / him to draw circles / them to draw a circle (* / ok )? (9) a. What is a writer? A writer is a person who writes books, stories or articles as a job. b. What are you? I paint pictures. (=I am a painter.) (10) build a house, boil soup, create the world, conclude a peace treaty, construct a bridge, dig a hole, eat a (w)hole, get ready for something, give/attend a class, hatch a chicken, light a fire, make a cake, paint a flower, play a game of chess, produce a film/a profit/ten children, run a mile, wirite/read a letter, etc. grow up, recover from illness, etc. (11) a. dig { a hole [ ] / dig the ground [ ] } b. light { a fire / light the lamp} c. hatch { a chicken / hatch her eggs } d. They agreed on { a / the } plan. (1) a.*he is reaching the top. b.*for how long did he reach the top? c. How long did it take you to reach the top? (2) What happened? John. (3) a. He { *began to reached the top / stopped reaching the top / stopped to reach the top}.. 4

Mary is recovering from illness. [~ ] (7) For how long did { *he draw a circle [ ] / he draw circles / they draw circles ( / )?

5 (4) At what time did you reach the top? (6) reach the top/the summit, find an object, win the race, etc. Even if he was able to win the race, he did not necessarily win the race. (7) be born, die, lose an object, recognize, etc. If he was able to recognize his old friend, then he recognized him (8) a. {*He is / They are } crossing the boarder. b. He is reaching {*the top of the mountain / the tops of famous mountains one by one. (9) a. For how long did they cross the boarder? [ ] b. How long did it take them to cross the boarder? c. At what time did they cross the boarder? (10) What are you? I catch dogs. (=I am a dogcatcher.) (11) (sharp) a.?it { stopped / started } somewhat. b.?he fainted a little. c.?the plane landed slightly. d.?he lost / won the election somewhat. e.?he realized his mistake a little. f.?he reached the top considerably. h.?he completely fainted. [ ] i.?he lost the election totally. (12) (gradual) a.the colors faded a little. b. Her finger swelled { slightly/ considerably }. c. It grew { a good bit / somewhat }. d. He didn t completely fainted. e. Keep your seat belts fastened until the plane has completely landed. (13) arrive at a place, be born, break off something, burst out doing, cease something, come to do, commence doing/do, cross the boarder, die, enter a room, fall to do, find something, finish something, get to do, go, hit someone, identify something, leave, lose something, open something, proceed to do, publish something, quit something, reach the sumit/ the top of the mountain, realize soething, recognize something, resume something, set about doing, set doing, strike something, spot something, start something, stop something, take to do, win the race. etc. 5

(9) a. For how long did they cross the boarder? [ ] b. How long did it take them to cross the boarder? c. At what time did they cross the boarder? (10) What are you? ----- I catch dogs.

6 (1) a.*he is loving her. b. For how long did he love her? c.*how long did it take him to love her? (2) What happened? *John. (3) a. He thinks that Mary is honest. b. He thought that Mary was honest. c. What are you? I believe in God. (=I am a theist.) (e.g. push the cart) (e.g. love someone) (e.g. write a novel) (e.g. reach the top) For how long did he do it? OK NO How long did it take (him) to do it? At what time did he do it? NO OK OK (1) a. He thinks that Jones is a rascal. b. He is thinking about Jones. (1) a. He felt that she was a good doctor. b. He is feeling the ground. ( ) 6

g. love someone) (e.g. write a novel) (e.g. reach the top) For how long did he do it? OK NO How long did it take (him) to do it?

Dynamic vs. State Verbs

Grammar Workshop Dynamic vs. State Verbs Dynamic Verbs Dynamic verbs describe activities, events and actions that can begin and finish. Dynamic verbs can be used in continuous tenses. The dynamic Verbs