Syzygium cumini (Java plum)

Transcription

1 Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : Syzygium cumini (Java plum) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? n.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 3.3 Weed of agriculture n 3.4 Environmental weed y 3.5 Congeneric weed y 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic n 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens y 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils) y 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets n 5. Aquatic n

2 5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte n 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed y 6.3 Hybridizes naturally 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators n 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation n 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 8 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n 7.5 Propagules water dispersed n 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed y 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) y 8. Prolific seed production 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) n 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides? 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation y 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score 9 Outcome Reject* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8:

3 section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 7 yes B yes C 7 yes total 35 yes Data collected Question number Reference Source data. cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced weediness Verheij and Coronel, eds. (992) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts. Prosea, Bogor, Indonesia Whistler (995) Wayside Plants of the Islands. Isle Botanica, Honolulu. 2. Verheij and Coronel, eds. (992) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts. Prosea, Bogor, Indonesia. 3. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the 3.2 no evidence 3.3 no evidence Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. 2. Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 2. Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. 4. Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. 4.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA "Jambolan grows on river banks and can withstand prolonged flooding.". "widely cultivated in the tropics" 2. "Jambolan seeds used to be traded for medicinal use" "in Hawaii occasionally cultivated and now naturalized primarily in mesic valleys to disturbed mesic forest". Considered an environmental weed in southern Africa and Hawaii; "This rapidly spreading tree forms dense canopies that shade out young native trees and prevent their regeneration." 2. A category 3 invader in South Africa; invades coastal bush. S. jambos considered an environmental weed in the Caribbean, the Galapagos, and Hawaii. no description of these traits not allelopathic 3

4 4.3 Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. no description of this USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F.. not toxic 2. not indicated to be poisonous 3. "The leaves have served as fodder for livestock" 4.6 Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. "The fruits are attacked by fruit flies (Dacus diversus in India)" 4.7. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA Henderson (2) Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: a Complete Guide to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 2.. not toxic 2. not indicated to be poisonous or an irritant 4.8 no evidence 4.9 Horticopia 4. exposure: full sun 4. "Despite its ability to thrive in low, Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. wet areas, the tree does well on higher, well-drained land whether it be in loam, marl, sand or oolitic limestone." 4. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA growth habit: tree 4.2 no evidence 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA Myrtaceae 5.3 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA does not fix nitrogen (and is Myrtaceae) 5.4 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, not propagated by bulbs, corms, or tubers propagated by seed 4

5 Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. 2. Verheij and Coronel, eds. (992) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts. Prosea, Bogor, Indonesia USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. 3. Lorenzi, de Souza, Torres, and Bacher (23) Arvores Exoticas no Brasil. Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda., Sao Paolo, Brasil. 6.7 Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F Whistler (995) Wayside Plants of the Islands. Isle Botanica, Honolulu. 2. Verheij and Coronel, eds. (992) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts. Prosea, Bogor, Indonesia.. "The jambolan tree is of real value in apiculture. The flowers have abundant nectar and are visited by bees (Apis dorsata) throughout the day " 2. "Pollination is by bees and flies, but also by wind.". vegetative spread rate: none 2. The only methods of propagation described other than seeds are artificial cuttings/grafting. 3. Propagation exclusively by seeds. "begin bearing in 8 to years". "widely cultivated in the tropics" 2. "In India the tree is grown to provide shade for coffee Jambolan seeds used to be traded for medicinal use" 7.3 no evidence 7.4 Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the fruit is an oblong berry,.2-3 cm long 7.5 no evidence 7.6. Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. 2. Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. 7.7 Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the 7.8 Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World. 8. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the 8.2 Morton (987) Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F Weber (23) Invasive Plant Species of the World "Seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals." 2. dispersed by mynah birds in Hawaii fruit is an oblong berry,.2-3 cm long [no evidence of any means of attachment] "Seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals." usually seed per fruit "Jambolan seeds lose viability quickly." "The tree resprouts vigorously after damage." 5