Windows to the World
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1 Windows to the World A Primer for Thinking About and Doing Social Research John J. Green, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Sociology and Community Development Director, Institute for Community-Based Research Division of Social Sciences/Center for Community and Economic Development Delta State University With some illustrative examples drawn from research conducted with Carley Jefcoat (Hearin Fellow in the Division of Social Sciences) and Ryan Betz (former AmeriCorps*VISTA Member) February 17, 2009 Harvard Negotiation and Mediation Clinical Program
2 The basic argument Contextualization Outline Knight s concept of research as claims making Frameworks for thinking about research Three forms of research potentially important to your work Research methods: Tools for doing research Judging the quality of research Revisiting the propositions
3 The Basic Argument Theories and methods shape what we see; they are windows to the world Research is a process of claims making about the world around us Using a variety of methods provides for a wider, more diverse set of perspectives and claims When comparing perspectives and claims, quality matters
4 Contextualization: How I Approach Research Concerned with development, collective action and social movements situated in place Community-based/action-oriented/participatory approaches to research and evaluation Learning about research by engaging in research Pragmatic about methods: qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods Currently interested in opening up quantitative research Numerous projects in the Mississippi Delta and Mississippi Gulf Coast regions Local-global connections are important
5 Contextualization (cont d): How Do You Approach Research? What are you interested in? What ideas and assumptions do you bring to the table? Are there differences between a law student and a social sciences student in how they will approach research? How might your thinking about research influence what you see? Questions in red are intended for you to answer!
6 Research as Claims Making: Thinking About Research There are multiple views of what exists in the world and how we know about it Many of these views involve research, although mostdo not (What are the other views based on?) Some theories and research methods fit better with each other than they do with others Different theories and research methods may result in conflicting claims about the same social phenomena Adapted from: Knight, P. (2002). Small-scale research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
7 Frameworks for Thinking About Research: Stringer s Action Research Model 3 Act report, plan, implement & evaluate 1 Look gather data, define, describe & build picture 2 Think explore, analyze, interpret & explain Adapted from: Stringer, E. (2007). Action research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
8 Frameworks (cont d) : Stoecker s Project-Based Model Diagnose Evaluate/ Assess Prescribe Implement Adapted from: Stoecker, R. (2005). Research strategies for community change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9 Three Overlapping Forms of Research Case Study Action Research Evaluation (Knight, 2002)
10 Research Methods: Tools for Doing Research Quantitative Survey (e.g. face-to-face, telephone, mail, Internet) Observation (observe and count phenomena) Qualitative Interviewing (e.g. key-informant, life history) Observation Focus groups Mixed-methods research The methods we use influence what we see and what we don t see What methods will you employ? Strengths? Weaknesses?
11 Example of Research in Progress: Non-Urgent Use of Hospital Emergency Departments Health care utilization problem: Hospital emergency departments (EDs) being used for non-urgent care Why does it matter? High costs for everyone ED overcrowding Results in reactive rather than preventative care Important questions: Why do people go to the hospital EDs to seek care for so-called nonurgent problems? What could be done to facilitate more appropriate use of health care facilities and services? Much of the existing research on this topic relies on hospital discharge data and national level survey data. What views do people have of this issue?
12 Emergency Department Use (cont d) Initial project with the Children s Health Fund, Aaron E. Henry Community Health Center, Northwest Regional Medical Center and the Institute for Community-Based Research Current partnership between the Mississippi Primary Health Care Association (org. of community health centers), hospitals in the Delta and the Institute Multi-site survey conducted in hospital EDs with patients seeking care (talking directly with patients) Regional survey of general public regarding health care utilization (telephone, mail and face-to-face) Develop win-win strategies to improve access to health care and promote appropriate use of emergency and non-emergency services (social marketing, transportation, extended hours) (Projects funded by the Delta Health Initiative/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Children s Health Fund)
13 Emergency Department Use (cont d) Insurance status? Medical home? Published literature and our primary data show that the uninsured are not the major group visiting the hospital ED for non-urgent care Patients relying on Medicaid/Medicare for accessing health care are more likely than the uninsured and the private/employer insured to visit the ED for non-urgent care Also, a majority of respondents do report having a regular source of care Challenges? Patients report a variety of challenges they confront in attempting to access health care, including hours of operation, restricted access to transportation and limited awareness of other sources of care Socio-cultural practices? Based on quantitative and qualitative data, it appears that historic and contemporary structural barriers to care influence cultural practices Going to the ED may be an adaption to a health care system with few opportunities and numerous challenges Insurance as necessary but not sufficient?
14 Judging Quality What constitutes quality research? Focus on types of error * Multiple concepts and indicators Systematic Reliable Valid Authentic Transparent The tricky issue of significance *For an insightful discussion of error in surveys, see: Fowler, F. J. (2009). Survey research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15 Trustworthiness in Research There are several checks and balances that can be used to assess and improve the value of knowledge generated through research Transparency in the methods utilized to collect and analyze data Use of multiple methods in the same study triangulation Credibility through prolonged engagement with people in the community Comparing results from several different case studies to identify similarities and differences Participant validation addressing the extent to which research participants see their experiences conveyed in the research results Peer review of research methods and analysis techniques, including professional research and community partners Adapted from: Stringer (2007) and Stoecker (2005). Also: Kleiner, A., Green, J., & Howard, P. (2005). Three essays on community-based research.
16 Revisiting the Propositions Our theories and methods shape what we see; they are windows to the world Research is a process of claims making about the world around us Using a variety of methods provides for a wider, more diverse set of perspectives Quality matters
17 For more information: John J. Green, Ph.D. Director, Institute for Community-Based Research Division of Social Sciences Box 3264, 1003 West Sunflower Rd. Delta State University Cleveland, MS Phone: (662) Fax: (662)
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