All about EMC Testing and Measurement Seminar 1

Transcription

1 EMC Seminar Series All about EMC Testing and Measurement Seminar 1 EMC Standards and Regulations Dr. KC LEE BEng (Hons), PhD, CEng, MIET, MIEEE, CTP Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre ( STC ) Organized by : Department of Electronic Engineering 1

2 Content Europe EMC requirements CISPR International EMC Standards Hong Kong EMC requirements Canada C d EMC requirements USA EMC requirements e e IT products EMC requirements examples in different countries 2

3 European common framework for the marketing of products (CE Mark) The CE Mark ("Conformité Européenne", "European Conformity") ), existing in its present form since 1993, is a mandatory conformance mark on many products placed on the market in the European Economic Area (EEA). The EC directives for CE marking include the following groups: ElectroMagnetic Compatibility; Low Voltage; Medical Devices; Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment; Safety of Toys; etc. 3

4 EMC Regulations and Standards Europe CE ElectroMagnetic ti Compatibility (EMC) Directive 2004/108/EC *** for example: Product Categories Emissions / Radio Disturbance Standards Audio and Video Equipment EN EN Immunity / Susceptibility Standards Household Appliances, Electric Tools, Toys EN EN Lighting g Equipment EN EN Information Technology Equipment EN EN Generic Equipment EN EN *** The main objective of the Directive is to guarantee the free movement of apparatus and to create an acceptable electromagnetic environment in the EEA. In order to achieve it, a harmonised and acceptable level of protection is requested in the Directive. 4

5 Scope of EMC Directive The EMC Directive 2004/108/EC applies to a vast range of equipment encompassing electrical l and electronic appliances, systems and installations. Equipment which does not contain electrical and/or electronic parts will not generate electromagnetic disturbances and its normal operation is not affected by such disturbances. Hence, equipment without electrical and/or electronic parts (inherently benign equipment) is not in the scope of the EMC Directive, such as simple domestic heaters with no controls, thermostat, or fan; headphones, loudspeakers without amplification; pocket lamps without active electronic circuits and etc. EMC Directive explicitly excludes three types of equipment: - Radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment covered by R&TTE Directive - Aeronautical products, parts and appliances - Equipment covered by other specific Community Directives, such as Motor Vehicles (Directive 72/245/EEC and 2004/104/EC), Medical Devices (Directive 93/42/EEC), Marine Equipment (Directive 96/98/EC) and etc. 5

6 New EMC Directive 2014/30/EU The new EMC Directive* (2014/30/EU) has already become effective as published in the Official Journal of the European Union dated 29 March 2014, and as stated in Article 46 of the Directive The existing Directive 2004/108/EC ceases to be applicable as from 20 April 2016 A significant change is that there should only be a single EU Declaration of Conformity y( (DOC) in respect of all Union acts, applicable/required to ensure conformity with the requirements for CE-marking. Information of the manufacturer and the product, and the DOC, must be in language easily understood by the destination s end-users and required by the Member State s authorities There are many other new and tough requirements, e.g. 1. Manufacturer is part of the Economic Operators, and therefore shall ensure that their products "have been designed and manufactured in accordance with the essential requirements". (Article 7) 2. In the existing Directive, responsibility lies with "the person who places the products on the Community market", but now the new Directive states: "the manufacturer u shall assume responsibility s for the compliance " (Article 15) 3. Increased control on the competence of Notified Body (Article 31), and inferior Notified Body's service may be unable to be "pan-european" anymore. (Preamble 45) 4. There is a "Union Safeguard Procedure" that.. all Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that the non-compliant apparatus is withdrawn from their market (Article 39) 5. As said in the Preamble (37), "one of the conformity assessment procedures requires the intervention of conformity assessment bodies, which are notified by the Member States to the Commission, this implies the using of NB for an "EC-type examination certificate" is encouraged in the Directive as "Module B": (Annex III Part A). 6. After using NB, manufacturer can specify the name and ID number of the NB in the "Declaration of Conformity (DOC) " (Annex IV). 6

7 New EMC Directive 2014/30/EU There are many other new and tough requirements, e.g. 1. Manufacturer is part of the Economic Operators, and therefore shall ensure that their products "have been designed and manufactured in accordance with the essential requirements". 2. In the existing Directive, responsibility lies with "the person who places the products on the Community market", but now the new Directive states: "the manufacturer shall assume responsibility for the compliance " 3. Increased control on the competence of Notified Body, and inferior Notified Body's service may be unable to be "pan-european" anymore. 4. There is a "Union Safeguard Procedure" that all Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that the non-compliant apparatus is withdrawn from their market 5. As said in the Preamble, "one of the conformity assessment procedures requires the intervention of conformity assessment bodies, which are notified by the Member States to the Commission, this implies the using of NB for an "EC-type examination certificate" is encouraged in the Directive as "Module B": (Annex III Part A). 6. After using NB, manufacturer can specify the name and ID number of the NB in the "Declaration of Conformity (DOC)" (Annex IV). 7

8 CEN and CENELEC CEN (European Committee for Standardization) di ti and CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) are recognised by the EU as European Standardization Organizations responsible for developing and defining standards at European level. The members of CEN and CENELEC are the National Standards Bodies and National Electrotechnical Committees of 33 European countries including all of the EU member states plus 3 EFTA countries (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) as well as 2 EU candidate countries (Turkey and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia). CEN and CENELEC work to promote the international alignment of standards in the framework of technical cooperation agreements with ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). 8

9 European Standard (EN) Numbering The shortest t unambiguous reference to a European Standard d is to use its number. The number of a European Standard consists of the capital letters EN followed by a space and a number in arabic numerals, without any space. Example EN :2006 (the part number is indicated by a hyphen, the year of availability of the EN is separated from the number by a colon) The first two numerals indicate the origin of the standard: to cover CENELEC activities iti i.e. standardization di ti work undertaken purely at European level. l to refer to the CENELEC implementation of IEC documents with or without changes. 9

11 International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) A special committee under International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) CISPR's principal task is at the higher end of the frequency range, from 9 khz upwards, preparing standards that offer protection of radio reception from interference sources such as electrical appliances of all types, the electricity supply system, industrial, scientific and electromedical RF, broadcasting receivers (sound and TV) and, increasingly, IT equipment (ITE) CISPR Basic EMC Standards: CISPR 16 Part 1: Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods Part 2: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity Part 3: CISPR Technical Reports Part 4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling CISPR Generic EMC Standards: IEC , , , CISPR Product EMC Standards: CISPR 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 20 / 22 / 24 / 25 / 32 / 35 11

13 EMC Requirements for Electrical and Electronic Apparatus in HK Chapter 106B Telecommunications (Control of Interference) Regulations regulates radiated and conducted emissions of the following classes of apparatus : Apparatus Ignition apparatus of internal combustion engines CISPR 12 Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment CISPR 13 Household electrical appliances and similar electrical apparatus, and portable tools Emissions / Radio Disturbance Standards CISPR 14-1 Fluorescent lamps and luminaires CISPR 15 Information technology equipment CISPR 22 EMC Regulatory Provisions in Chapter 106B -Regulates manufacturers, suppliers, assemblers and importers of electrical and electronic apparatus -Adopted essentially CISPR standards to control the conducted and radiated emission levels -No immunity requirement is adopted in Chapter 106B 13

14 Amendments to Chapter 106B [coming ] To cater for new apparatus in the market such as electrical vehicles, LED lights and etc. New apparatus comply with other regional or national standards other than CISPR standards will be considered To align with the widely recognised standards, for each class of apparatus, compliance with any one of the following standards would be acceptable - up-to-date CISPR standards - European harmonised standards (EN standards) - National standards of the PRC (GB standards) - Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the USA 14

15 Hong Kong Telecommunications Equipment Evaluation and Certification (HKTEC) Scheme HKTEC is a scheme for the evaluation and certification of Telecommunications Equipment (TE) and Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) equipment. TE includes radiocommunications equipment and wireline Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for connection to the public telecommunications networks in Hong Kong TE or ISM equipment which has been evaluated to be in compliance with the relevant technical specification may be granted a certificate by a Local Certification Body accredited under section 32E of the Telecommunications Ordinance (Cap. 106) or a Foreign Certification Body recognized pursuant to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Mutual Recognition Arrangement for Conformity Assessment of Telecommunications Equipment Under the HKTEC Scheme, radio equipment is classified under the Voluntary Certification Scheme (VCS) or the Compulsory Certification Scheme (CCS) Classification of Radiocommunications Equipment [last 2 pages] Classification of Wireline Customer Premises Equipment [last page] List of Certification Bodies 15

17 EMC Regulations and Standards - Canada Industry Canada, Interference - Causing Equipment tstandards d (ICES), for example: ICES Digital Apparatus Industry Canada, Radio Standards Specifications (RSS), for example: RSS210, Low-power Licence-exempt Radiocommunication Devices (All Frequency Bands): Category I Equipment RSS310, Low-power Licence-exempt Radiocommunication Devices (All Frequency Bands): Category II Equipment 17

19 EMC Regulations and Standards United States Federal Communications Commission i (FCC), Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), for example: Part 15 Subpart B Unintentional Radiators Part 15 Subpart C Intentional Radiators Part 18 Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Equipment 19

20 Equipment Authorization Procedures - FCC Defined in FCC Part 2, Subpart J Verification, Section Declaration of Conformity (DoC), Section Certification, Section

21 FCC - Verification CFR 47, Part 2, Section Verification is a procedure where the manufacturer makes measurements or takes the necessary steps to ensure that the equipment complies with the appropriate technical standards. Submittal of a sample unit or representative data to the Commission demonstrating compliance is not required unless specifically requested by the Commission. i Verification attaches to all items subsequently marketed by the manufacturer or importer which h are identical i as defined d in to the sample tested and found acceptable by the manufacturer. 21

22 FCC - Declaration of Conformity CFR 47, Part 2, Section AD Declaration of fconformity is a procedure where the responsible party, as defined in 2.909, makes measurements or takes other necessary steps to ensure that the equipment complies with the appropriate technical standards. Submittal of a sample unit or representative data to the Commission demonstrating compliance is not required unless specifically requested. The Declaration of Conformity attaches to all items subsequently marketed by the responsible party which are identical, as defined in 2.908, to the sample tested and found acceptable by the responsible party 22

23 FCC - Certification CFR 47, Part 2, Section Certification is an equipment authorization issued by the Commission, based on representations and test data submitted by the applicant. Certification attaches to all units subsequently marketed by the grantee which are identical (see 2.908) to the sample tested except for permissive changes or other variations authorized by the Commission 23

24 FCC Exempted Devices CFR 47, Part 15, Section Home-built devices Equipment authorization is not required for devices that are not marketed, are not constructed from a kit, and are built in quantities of five or less for personal use. CFR 47, Part 15, Section Exempted devices, for examples : (c) A digital device used exclusively as industrial, commercial, or medical test equipment. (refers to 47 CFR, Part 18) (f) Digital devices that have a power consumption not exceeding 6 nw. (h)diitld Digital devices in which hihbthth both the highest hih tfrequency generated tdand dthe highest hih frequency used are less than MHz and which do not operate from the AC power lines or contain provisions for operation while connected to the AC power lines. Etc The operator of the exempted device shall be required to stop operating the device if found causing harmful interference. Although not mandatory, it is strongly recommended that the manufacturer of an exempted device endeavor to have the device meet the specific technical standards in this part. 24

25 FCC, CFR 47, Part 15 Subpart B Unintentional Radiator Section 15.3 Definitions :- A device that intentionally generates radio frequency energy for use within the device, or that sends radio frequency signals by conduction to associated equipment via connecting wiring, but which is not intended to emit RF energy by radiation or induction. 25

26 FCC, CFR 47, Part 15 Subpart B Section Unintentional Radiator - Equipment authorization Type of device TV broadcast receiver FM broadcast receiver CB receiver Superregenerative receiver Scanning receiver All other receivers subject to Part 15 TV interface device Class B personal computers and peripherals CPU boards and internal power supplies used with Class B personal computers Class B external switching power supplies Other Class B digital devices & peripherals Class A digital devices, peripherals & external switching power supplies Equipment authorization required Verification Verification Declaration of Conformity or Certification Declaration of Conformity or Certification Certification Declaration of Conformity or Certification Declaration of Conformity or Certification Declaration of Conformity or Certification Declaration of Conformity or Certification Verification Verification Verification 26

27 FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Subpart B or CE Generic - Conducted Emissions Test Setup I Test setup diagram Screened Room Mains Input EUT 0.8m Wooden Table 50Ω Output EMI Receiver Ground Plane LISN 27

28 FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Subpart B or CE Generic - Conducted Emissions Test Setup II Test setup photo 28

29 FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Subpart B or CE Generic - Radiated Emissions Test Setup I Test setup diagram Open Area Test Site / Semi-Anechoic Chamber 3m Computer EUT Turntable Pre-Amplifier Ground Plane Measuring Receiver 29

30 FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Subpart B or CE Generic Radiated Emissions Test Setup II Test setup photo 30

31 Emissions and Immunity Any EM noise emission, natural or man-made made, is potentially a disturbance to any other susceptible device in the environment. It may either put it out of action or, in many cases a worse problem, cause it to malfunction. So there are two sides to the EMC equation: source equipment whose controllable emissions must be limited; and equipment needs to have adequate immunity to those disturbances in its environment to which it is exposed. EM disturbances may work in more than one direction, disrupting more than one device, or multiple sources may have a cumulative effect on a single piece of equipment. Thus an air traffic control radar may affect the display of a laptop computer being used in an aircraft as well as other vital devices in use on the ground. At the same time, emissions from the same laptop computer may combine with those from a mobile phone to disturb systems in the aircraft. On the emissions side of the equation, therefore, the aim of EMC is to ensure that equipment does not disturb other equipment, radio services, power or other networks. On the immunity side, the aim is to ensure that equipment is not affected by, e.g., radio transmissions, mains-borne disturbances, electrostatic fields and other phenomena. 31

32 EMC Immunity Tests - Introduction EN/IEC , Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) EN/IEC , 3Rdi Radio Frequency EMFildI Field Immunity EN/IEC , Fast Transients Immunity EN/IEC , Surge Immunity EN/IEC , 6 Injected Currents Immunity EN/IEC , Voltage Dips and Short Interruptions Immunity 32

33 Test setup photo EN/IEC Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) 33

34 EN/IEC Radio Frequency EM Field Immunity Test setup photo 34

35 EN/IEC , Fast Transients Immunity EN/IEC , Surge Immunity EN/IEC , Voltage Dips and Short Interruptions Immunity Test setup photo 35

36 Test setup photo EN/IEC , Injected Currents Immunity 36

38 Thank You! 38