Solar Energy Today. Tommy Cleveland, PE NC Solar Center

Transcription

1 Solar Energy Today Tommy Cleveland, PE NC Solar Center

2 NC Solar Center Program Areas Policy Analysis & Outreach DSIRE Research & Demonstration Biomass, Solar, Wind, Opportunity Fuels Technical Assistance & Training Economic Development Clean Transportation High Performance Buildings Education/Outreach Solar House K-16 Education & Outreach Distributed Generation Program

3 We Use A Lot of Energy Today

4 Source: Energy for Sustainability, Randolph and Masters

5 The Fossil Fuel Era Fueled by Millions of Years of Solar Energy

6 We live in a special time and place

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8 World Energy Resources

9 -Solar Energy- Passive Solar Solar Thermal - PV

10 Where is my Solar Energy?

11 Effect of Collector Position on Annual Incident Solar Energy in Raleigh, NC

12 Sun Chart for 40 degrees N Latitude

13 Solar PathFinder When is it Shaded?

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15 Photovoltaics (PV)

16 Utility Interactive (Grid-Tied) PV System

17 US PV Installations and Global Market Share, E (SEIA/GTM)

18 Crystalline Silicon PV Modules Over 90% of PV industry Mono or poly crystalline PV cells Glass front with polymer back in aluminum frame 12 to 48 Volts per module 60 to 300 Watts per module 14% to 22% efficient $0.85 to $1.50 per Watt ~15W/sq. ft. Guaranteed to produce at least 85% of original power in 25 years

19 Thin Film PV Modules Several technologies in this categories amorphous silicon (a-si) copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) cadmium telluride (CdTe). Most have glass front with polymer back in frame, some are frameless 8% to 13% efficient $0.75 to $1.15 per Watt ~10W/sq. ft. Most guaranteed to produce at least 85% of original power in 25 years

20 Closing the Gap: Production, Laboratory, and Theoretical Maximum PV Module Efficiencies

21 Solar Inverters Grid Syncing Failsafe Safeties 1kW to 1MW Integrated Data Collection 95%+ efficiencies 10 to 25 Power Guarentee

22 Market Innovation Micro-Inverters DC Optimizers Concentrating PV Hybrid PV and Thermal Labor Reducing Racking Financing Innovation Soft-cost Streamlining Grid Integration/Smart Grid Cost reductions.

23 In My BackYard by NREL:

24 NC Residential PV System Example Photo courtesy of Southern Energy Management

25 NC Commercial PV System Example Photo courtesy of Southern Energy Management

26 PV Solar Farms AKA Utility Scale Example: 15.5 MW in Davidson County, NC (Phase 1 shown)

27 Geographic Distribution of Solar PV Capacity in NC Online from

28 Source: Energy Self-Reliant States, October 2009,

29 Source: Energy Self-Reliant States, October 2009,

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31 Matching Utility Loads with Solar and Wind Power in North Carolina Dealing with Intermittent Electricity Sources by John Blackburn, Ph.D. January Day -July Day

32 Smart Grid and Renewable Energy

33 Global Solar Electric Capacity Global PV installations for 2011 topped 26GW

34 US Energy Use 2009 (Quads)

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37 Decline in Factory-Gate Module Prices with Increasing Cumulative Module Shipments

38 Benchmarked 2010 Installed PV System Prices with Uncertainty Ranges for Multiple Sectors and System Configurations

39 Estimated Subsystem Prices Needed to Achieve DOE 2020 SunShot Targets

40 SunShot PV Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) by Year and Market Segment

41 Percentage of NC Electric Customers at Grid Parity with LCOE of Solar PV Systems (NCSEA, 2012)

42 NC Grid-Tied Solar Electricity Interconnection Options Buy All / Sell All 2 meters NC GreenPower Currently paying 10 cents/kwh for <5kW In addition utility pays avoided costs for extra PV ~6 cents/kwh Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with S-RECs Net Metering 1 meter turns both ways PV electricity valued at retail kwh rate Third Party Energy Sales illegal in NC at this time

43 Residential PV NC Example 3kW (DC) $6/Watt $18,000 system 35% NC tax credit ($10,500) = -$6,300 30% Federal tax credit = -$5,400 federal tax increase due to NC tax credit (assuming 30% marginal tax rate) 30% x $6,300 = $1, Cost of system to you: = $8,190 Annual Production = 3,900 kwh (AC) at $0.10/kWh = $390 at $0.15/kWh = $585 Simple payback of 14 to 21 years Panels have year performance guarantee, inverters have ~15 expected life

44 PV Installer/Designer (NC Solar Center) NABCEP Certification Correct license(s) Project references Multiple quotes Ask questions

45 Solar Thermal

46 Solar Thermal System Components Collector(s) Storage Tank(s) Pump(s) Controls Heat Exchanger(s)

47 THEN NOW

48 Flat Plate Collector

49 Evacuated Tube Collector

50 Share of the newly installed capacity (glazed and unglazed water and air collectors) in 2010

51 Total Capacity in Operation [GW el ][GW th ] and Produced Energy [TWh el ][TWh th ], 2011 Source: Solar Heating & Cooling Programme International Energy Agency 2012 edition Solar Heat Worldwide

52 Evacuated Tube Collectors in China

53 Indirect Glycol/antifreeze System Pros: Excellent freeze protection Can be PV driven Careful sloping of piping not needed Cons: Must inspect/replace glycol periodically Heat transfer properties of antifreeze fluids inferior to water

54 Drainback System Pros: Excellent freeze and over-temperature protection Low maintenance Uses distilled water Cons: Noisier than other types Requires larger pump Requires piping slope

55 ALR: 13 Drainback Example

56 NC Residential Solar Hot Water System Example Photo courtesy of Southern Energy Management

57 Photos courtesy of Southern Energy Management

58 House of Raeford Farms, Rose Hill, NC Hatchery Facility Photos courtesy of FLS Energy The 208 solar panel system

59 Nation s Largest Solar Thermal System is in St. Pauls, NC Hot water for Prestage chicken processing plant Completed in April acre system, 2,100 panels Nine x 25,000 gallon solar tanks No capital expense from Prestage Cost FLS $15 million FLS will sell solar energy at lower rate than propane, over 20% savings FLS selling RECs

60 Estimate System Performance Determine how much energy you use for water heating now. you can not save more than this! Solar Advisor Model (SAM): RETScreen: Input your location, collector model, system type, hot water load Receive reasonable estimate of month by month solar hot water energy output

61 ALR: 13 SHW System Costs System costs vary from system to system and installer to installer Roughly $6,000 to $7,000 for typical residential solar hot water system AAAsolar.com print and online catalog of collectors, tanks, pumps, valves SolarDirect.com prices on collectors and systems for NC installers NABCEP for certified installers

62 Retail Prices of Turnkey Solar Hot Water Systems in NC: Residential 1 collector: $5,000 - $7,000 Residential 2 collector: $6,000 - $8,000 Space heating (3+ collectors): $8,000 - $30,000 Commercial System (10+ Collectors): $3,000 to $5,000 per collector

63 NC and Federal Tax Credits ( NC Credit: SRCC certified collectors recommended 35% of full cost, residential capped at $1,400 ($3,500 if includes space heating) Can be taken over 5 years Federal income tax (~30%) is owed on the credit received Federal Credit Collector must be SRCC certified Available through % of full cost, no cap Accelerated Depreciation Full depreciation in 5 years

64 Annual Energy Cost Savings Examples: Depends greatly on fuel, fuel cost, and efficiency being offset Depends greatly on amount of hot water used 1 collector, 50% solar fraction, Raleigh, 80% efficient Nat. Gas at $1.10 per therm: $110 per year 1 collector, 50% solar fraction, Raleigh, 80% efficient Propane at $2.25 per gallon: $230 per year 1 collector, 50% solar fraction, Raleigh, 90% efficient electricity at $0.09 per kwh: $225 per year 2 collectors, 75% solar fraction, Raleigh, 90% efficient electricity at $0.09 per kwh: $340 per year

65 Residential Solar Hot Water NC Cost Example $6,000 installed system (two 4 x8 panels) 35% NC tax credit ($2,100) = - $1,400 (cap) 30% Federal tax credit = - $1,800 But you must pay federal taxes on NC tax credit so (assuming 30% tax bracket) you owe 30% x $1,400 = $420 (taxes) After-Tax Cost of system: $6,000 - $1,400 - $1,800 + $420 = $3,220 Annual Savings (electric WH) = $175 to $500 Simple payback of 6 to 18 years

66 Concentrating Solar Power (aka Solar Thermal Electric)

67 Parabolic Trough Concentrator

68 Parabolic Dish Concentrator

69 Central Receiver

70 Fresnel reflector and lenses

71 Capability to meet large portion of electric needs Total area of land 92 miles on a side -all US electric power Less than 10% of the Federal land in the state of Nevada. This is less land than currently occupied by coal power plants and coal mines in the US.

72 North Carolina Renewable Energy Policies

73 NC Renewable and Efficiency Portfolio Standard (REPS) Target Percentages & Applicability 10% by 2018 all electric service providers in state 12.5% by 2021 only investor owned electric utilities (Duke, Progress, & Dominion) Eligible Technologies Wide range of Renewables, Energy Efficiency, thermal technologies (solar thermal & CHP) IOUs - Up to 25% of REPS from efficiency by 2018; Up to 40% of REPS from efficiency by 2021 Coops & Munis - Can meet entire standard (other than Solar, Poultry, & Hog Set Aside) with efficiency

74 Key Features of NC REPS Technology tiers Solar carve-out: 0.2% of retail sales by 2018 Hog waste-to-energy carve-out: same as Solar Poultry litter carve-out: 900,000 MWh by 2018 Central and customer-sited systems RECs Tracking System NC RETS

75 What are RECs? Renewable Energy Credits created when a renewable energy facility generates electricity each unique certificate represents all of the environmental attributes or benefits of a specific quantity of renewable generation

76 NC and Federal Renewable Energy Tax Credits ( NC Credit: 35% of full cost, some caps may apply Can be taken over 5 years Federal income tax (~30%) is owed on the credit received Federal Credit Available through % of full cost, no cap Accelerated Depreciation Full depreciation in 5 years

77 Solar Center USDA Renewable Energy Site Assessments USDA Grant covers 75% of cost of renewable energy site assessment for Rural small businesses Agricultural producers Includes solar PV, solar thermal, wind, biomass Assessment of energy production and economics

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79 Thank you for your attention