Preview Sheet: Washington to Jackson

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1 Preview Sheet: Washington to Jackson The following questions below represent an overview of items that will be covered throughout this unit. By answering the questions below you will gain insight to major ideas of the unit. We may not have the opportunity to cover every single topic on this sheet, so please be sure to have these questions answered. Homework Content Questions 1. How did the political party system begin with Jefferson and Hamilton? 2. What topics did Jefferson and Hamilton have differing opinions on? 3. What elements were parts of Hamilton s economic program? 4. How did the Whiskey Rebellion prove the strength of the federal government? 5. Why were many Americans upset over US foreign policy in the Jay Treaty? 6. Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts viewed as a violation of rights? 7. What were some of the major points made in Washington s Farewell Address? 8. What function do lobby groups serve to the government? 9. Discuss the difference between loose and strict interpretation of the Constitution. 10. What was the geographical impact of the Louisiana Purchase on the US? 11. How did McCulloch v. Maryland test the concept of federalism? 12. How did the Embargo Act of 1807 and War of 1812 affect US trade? 13. What was the significance of the election of 1800? Who won as a result? 14. What was the pan Indian Movement and what impact did Tecumseh have on it? 15. What impact did the Treaty of Ghent have on the US? 16. What factors helped promote nationalism in the US between 1789 and 1860? 17. What factors promoted sectionalism in the US between 1789 and 1860? 18. Describe how the Market Revolution affected the US social and economically? 19. Describe several examples of new technology as the US began to become part of the Industrial Revolution. 20. What were the political, social, & economic impacts of Eli Whitney s cotton gin? 21. What impact did the Monroe Doctrine have on US foreign policy? 22. Describe the second development of the American political party system (the Whigs and the Jacksonian Democrats). 23. Describe the impact and argument of the nullification crisis. 24. What was the Second Great Awakening? 25. Describe the following reform movements: abolitionist (anti-slavery) movement, women s suffrage movement (Seneca Falls Convention), temperance movement, & compulsory education. Essential Questions: Answer 3 out of 4 in written format 1. How does political disagreement lead to and/or hinder progress? 2. Does new technology affect political and social attitudes? 3. How can ordinary citizens influence reform? 4. How does geography influence sectionalism? Other important people (not mentioned in the above questions): Samuel Slater John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay John Calhoun Nat Turner Frederick Douglass Soujourner Truth Harriet Tubman Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Samuel F.B. Morse William Lloyd Garrison Horace Mann Dorthea Dix Henry Davis Thoreau Meriwether Lewis William Clark

2 Unit 2: The New Republic: Washington to Jefferson Vocabulary Unit 2 Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton George Washington Washington s Farewell Address Isolationism John Adams Hamilton s Economic Plan Excise tax Protective tariff The Whiskey Rebellion Lobbying XYZ Affair Alien and Sedition Acts The Midnight Judges Marbury v. Madison Election of 1800 Jay Treaty Louisiana Purchase John Marshall War of 1812 Embargo Act of 1807 Manifest Destiny The Industrial Revolution Eli Whitney Cotton gin Robert Fulton Erie Canal Household economy Market economy Free enterprise system Sectionalism Nationalism James Monroe Monroe Doctrine Tariff of 1828 The Bank War Spoils system Nullification crisis Secede Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Policy Trail of Tears Second Great Awakening Abolitionism Temperance Movement Seneca Falls Convention Samuel Slater

3 The Political Spectrum The unwritten constitution includes the development of political parties. Today, party politics have a major influence on the functions the different levels of government. But where did these political parties originate? Today s political spectrum Left Wing Moderate Right Wing Liberals Democrats Republicans Conservatives Extreme lift (Socialist/Communist) Extreme Right (Fascist) Democrats: Obama/Clinton/Gore Republicans: McCain/Bush/Cheney Comparing Past and Present Our 1 st President George Washington s cabinet included men of knowledge and status like Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Differences among Hamilton and Jefferson soon became noticeable. Jefferson was and Anti-federalist who believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution with a weaker national government. His followers became known as Jeffersonian Republicans. Hamilton was a federalist who believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution and felt that a strong national government was needed to build the nation. The division among Hamilton and Jefferson helped to create the political party system. Compare the political views of Hamilton and Jefferson and fill in the chart below. Alexander Hamilton (Federalists) Thomas Jefferson (Jeffersonian Republicans) What aspects of either side exist within today s politics? Identify the items(s) for your group and fill in the rest when other groups present.

4 The Origins of American Politics As the nation began its government under the new Constitution, Americans looked to our first President George Washington for leadership. Washington provided that leadership along with some of his distinguished cabinet members (Hamilton and Jefferson). Political differences would pave the way for constitutional challenges and a foundation for the American political system. Federalist (Hamilton) vs. Anti-federalist (Jeffersonian Republicans) Hamilton s Economic Plan 1. Assumption of debts the federal government would take responsibility for debts from the Revolutionary War and the Continental Congress. 2. National Bank to be created by Congress to win support from the business community and handle government finances (1791). 3. Excise Tax (to tax something made in the country). Congress chose whiskey as the item to be taxed. 4. Protective Tariff taxes on goods imported from other countries to protect US goods in their early developing years. Anti-federalist opposition to Hamilton s Plan Jefferson felt that the taxation methods established by the plan were similar to that of Britain colonial taxation. Strict interpretation vs. loose interpretation of the constitution: Jefferson strict interpretation government may only do things that the Constitution delegates. Hamilton loose interpretation give government more room to make laws beyond Constitutional delegated powers (elastic clause). Whiskey Rebellion (1794) a refusal of Pennsylvania farmers to pay the excise tax on whiskey led to this revolt which the federal government used under Washington, ordered troops to crush the rebellion. This showed the federal government s power to enforce federal law. Lobbying tradition began by special interest groups to influence law makers to vote in particular ways or to support a particular cause. Foreign Policy during the Federalists Control Washington wanted to keep the US out of foreign affairs as much as possible to prevent the US from becoming involved in future wars. (policy of isolationism) Jay Treaty agreement between the US and Great Britain that the US would favor the British in diplomatic and economic matters. (Anti-federalists viewed this as a sell-out to Britain). Washington s Farewell Address warned the US to remain isolated and neutral in foreign conflict. Second President John Adams agreed with this policy. XYZ Affair scandal under John Adams where secret diplomats X, Y, & Z were sent to France to work out problems to avoid war. Americans were outraged by the sneakiness of the action and spoke openly against Adams actions. Alien and Sedition Acts limited free speech and gave President the power to imprison or deport any person(s) who openly spoke against the government. These were later repealed.

5 Turning Points: The Jeffersonian Period Election of 1800 In a very nasty election between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, Jefferson won the popular vote, but neither candidate won the electoral vote. In such a case the election is decided by the House of Representatives The House chose Jefferson (our 3 rd US President). Events of the Jeffersonian Presidency Midnight Judges Adams last minute appointments to the judiciary to keep the Federalist s influence with the government. Land Act of 1800 Jefferson s addition to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which provided small parcels of land to US citizens for sale in the Northwest territory (modern day Illinois Minnesota). Louisiana Purchase (1803) Jefferson ordered the purchase of the entire Louisiana territory from France for $15 Million. Jefferson s Foreign Policy Because the Jay Treaty made Britain a preferred trade partner, French ships often harassed American trade ships. British ships also gave US ships trouble as well. Jefferson pressed for the Embargo Acts of 1807 to be passed. These acts stopped US trade with foreign nations. The result hurt the US economy and relations with Britain. By 1808, Jefferson Presidency ended on an unpopular note, but his Secretary of State James Madison would be elected to be the 4 th President. The Marshall Court Chief Justice John Marshall helped to strengthen the power of the Judicial Branch and the Federal Government during his time as Supreme Court Chief Justice ( ) Marbury v. Madison (established judicial review) McCulloch v. Maryland (exempted the 2 nd National Bank of the US from paying Maryland state tax supported the elastic clause). Gibbons v. Ogden (Interstate commerce can be controlled by the Federal government the federal government has supremacy over the states. Fletcher v. Peck (ex post facto or after the fact laws are not allowed to be passed). The War of 1812 After US ships had been attacked numerous times, Congress declared war on Britain. Although the war ended in a stalemate (no clear winner) it accomplished several key results: The US proved it could stand up to Britain once again. Neutrality in foreign conflicts by America was justified. Native American groups lost their ally in Great Britain and were less able to stand up to US westward expansion. New war heroes: Andrew Jackson and Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner. The Federalist Party weakened after it took a strong opposition to going to war.

6 The Industrial Revolution and the Market Revolution The Industrial Revolution 1. Age of new machinery and inventions which changed the way we work. 2. Began in England in the mid 1700 s. 3. British government made it illegal for its people to share the ideas with foreign nations. 4. Britain s best industry was the creation of textiles (cloth). 5. James Watt s invention of the steam engine also proved very efficient. 6. Samuel Slater left England in 1789 and gave many industrial secrets to American interests. 7. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in Eli Whitney also worked out a system of interchangeable parts which was soon adapted by many other industries. 9. Robert Fulton designed the Clermont, a steam powered ship in The Erie Canal was opened in 1825 which served as a model nationwide. 11. Railroads began to be built (especially in the North). 12. The United States would soon undergo political, economic and social changes that can be associated with the start of the Industrial Revolution. The Market Revolution A change in the way Americans made, bought and sold goods. As factories grew, manufacturing was completed in a centralized place rather than in the household (switch from household economy to market economy). This change helped to promote the free enterprise system where private businesses worked to make a profit. This market Revolution began to break the US into section where specific businesses thrived in certain areas. Northern Industries such as textile mills became popular in New England which created more jobs and led to the growth of cities. Southern farms remained as some of the new technology made farming easier. Divisions between the economies of the North and South would lead to political and social differences as well. (ex. Slavery, the tariff) Sectionalism would later hurt nationalism dividing the nation.

7 Promoting Nationalism and Our Federal Government The Monroe Doctrine by President James Monroe 1. The US would not involve itself with Europe s affairs nor take sides. 2. The US recognizes the existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere. 3. The US will not permit any new colonies in the Western Hemisphere. 4. Any attempt of this would be considered a hostile act against the US. What effect did this have on the US foreign policy? How would such a doctrine promote US nationalism? Another Historical Election Year The Election of 1824 between John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson. Neither candidate could get a majority of electoral votes. The House of Representatives elected J.Q. Adams Henry Clay became his Secretary of State (people thought there was a shady agreement). The Election of 1828 led to the second development of political parties. Jackson ran against Adams. Both men argued who were the true Jeffersonians This led to Adams & his followers called the National Republicans or the Whigs. Jackson s followers called themselves the Democrats. Jackson won the election and became the 7 th President. Jacksonian Democracy With vice President Jon Calhoun (until he resigned) then Martin Van Buren Jackson was supposed to be the President for the people. He promoted changing voting laws allowing all white men over 21 to vote instead of just property owners (voter turn-out increased greatly). Jackson fired more than 20% of the federal workers and replaced them with Jacksonian Democrats. What used to be called patronage was exaggerated into the spoils system. The Tariff or Nullification Crisis Before he was President the Tariff of 1828 was passed. This was a heavy tax on imports to encourage people to buy American goods (Tariff of Abominations). After more federal tariffs, South Carolina refused to pay them or nullify them. S. Carolina threatened to secede from the union if its nullification wasn t respected. Jackson threatened to send in troops to S. Carolina. Henry Clay produced a compromise bill in Congress that calmed the crisis. BUT Jackson s reaction to the crisis made him seem less for the people. Indian Removal Policy 1830 Jackson encouraged the passing of the Indian Removal Act which gave Native American groups land from the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for their eastern land. Several tribes were forced off their lands like the Cherokees who marched for 116 days in the government forced Trail of Tears.

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