CONFLICT MANAGEMENT SECTOR APPROACH

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1 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT SECTOR APPROACH Iraq Sebastian Meyer for Mercy Corps An Overview Violent conflict is devastating to developing countries it destroys infrastructure, disrupts trade, distorts markets and can reverse decades of progress. Conflict-affected nations suffer severe refugee crises and population loss. Generations of children grow up amidst violence, believing is the only way to find employment, to find meaning or to simply stay alive. Combined, these destabilizing elements create conflict traps that entangle countries in cycles of violence and poverty for decades. 1 Helping people find ways to break cycles of violence and promote peaceful change is at the heart of Mercy Corps mandate. We believe that given the right tools, skills and support people are eager to understand the complex tensions and challenges they face and to address them in a way that promotes both peace and development. We currently implement 31 peacebuilding programs worth $54 million in 16 countries including Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Yemen, Somalia and Kenya. Our current work builds on an exceptionally strong historical foundation. Since the late 1990s, Mercy Corps has implemented over 100 peacebuilding programs in over 30 countries and regions, making Mercy Corps a true leader in the field. Our Strategic Goals and Approach Mercy Corps works to provide people in conflict and post-conflict societies with the tools, skills and support they need to peacefully manage and address the issues that lead to violence. Our conflict management experts lead the field in 1) designing and implementing integrated programs that address the causes and consequences of violence; and 2) measuring the impact of our programs. Mercy Corps understands that stability will not increase unless our interventions address the underlying drivers of conflict. We also recognize how limited economic opportunities, poor governance, scarce resources and unengaged youth all contribute to complex conflict dynamics, and we look to create multi-sectoral programs that address the causes of violence holistically. 1 Collier, et al. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy, World Bank and Oxford University Press, TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIT Conflict Management MERCY CORPS 1

2 Our approach to peacebuilding is built on three core foundations. First, we work with local leaders and communities to help them gain the tools and skills they need to re-establish trust, rebuild relationships and discuss the difficult issues that have led to violence. Second, we help our local partners implement development programs that address the underlying issues that fuel the violence, whether these are competition over land or water; youth unemployment and alienation; or political and economic discrimination. Third, we actively seek to measure the impact of our programs; learn which approaches work (and which do not); and disseminate our findings to the broader development and policy community. Key elements of Mercy Corps conflict management programming include: Promoting Dialogue and Rebuilding Relationships: Violence destroys trust and disrupts relationships. Mercy Corps helps local actors restart dialogue and rebuild trust by Addressing the Causes of Violence Economic Growth Local Governance Natural Resource Management Youth Engagement Promoting Dialogue Building Relationships Dialogue Mediation Negotiation Reconciliation Conflict Management Impact and Advocacy Monitoring & Evaluation Best Prectices Understand Impact Evidence-based Policy Debates strengthening their negotiation and reconciliation skills and by providing a safe, neutral space for former adversaries to begin dialogue. Addressing Causes of Conflict: Many of the most important drivers of violence are related to under-development, including deep poverty, youth unemployment and alienation, poor governance and competition over natural resources. Mercy Corps integrates development interventions into our peacebuilding work in order to address these causes. Impact and Advocacy: Rigorous monitoring and evaluation helps Mercy Corps continually improve peacebuilding interventions and demonstrate the impact of conflict management activities to policy makers and peer agencies. 2 MERCY CORPS TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIT Conflict Management

3 Intervention Areas Most of the issues that fuel violence are at the heart of development assistance; thus, the vast majority of our peacebuilding programs have a strong development component. However, they differ from traditional development programs in that the ultimate goal of the assistance is to promote both development and conflict management objectives. Our work falls into several key areas: Economic Growth and Conflict: Poverty puts countries at significant risk for conflict. Low per capita income drastically raises the chances that a country will experience violence, while economic growth reduces the likelihood of civil war. The relationship between poverty and conflict works in the opposite direction, as well, with conflict reversing economic growth. In conflict-affected environments, integrating peacebuilding and economic development interventions has proven to be effective. Many of Mercy Corps peacebuilding programs seek to address the drivers of conflict through economic development interventions that reduce competition for scarce resources; create economic opportunities; build government capacity to promote equitable economic growth; and promote economic interdependence between communities torn apart by violence. In addition, we use peacebuilding tools to build trust; resolve economic disputes; and address market dysfunctions related to violence, power imbalances, and poor governance. Natural Resource Management: In many parts of the developing world, deep poverty combined with the impacts of climate change, drought and environmental degradation can lead to fierce competition over scarce natural resources. And even in situations where natural resources are abundant, they may be inequitably distributed or controlled by armed people who exploit the resource base to support their activities. Limited livelihood options combined with a decreasing resource base propels many to adopt practices, such as charcoal production or grazing on marginal lands, which meet short-term needs at the expense of long-term interests. To address these issues, Mercy Corps works with local communities to manage natural resources and improve resource dispute resolution methods. Youth Engagement: The energy and creativity of young people are absolutely essential in helping their communities become more secure, productive and peaceful places. However, a large number of unemployed, alienated young people can also be a significant risk factor for violence. To ensure that young people do not fall prey to violent groups, Mercy Corps designs and implements holistic programs that address the multitude of reasons youth participate in violence, such as a sense of helplessness, lack of economic opportunities, exclusion from political processes and a lack of belonging. Governance and Leadership: In fragile states, governments are often unable or unwilling to provide basic services or security to significant portions of their population. In this context, deeply impoverished and insecure communities can be susceptible to the appeals of powerful (often violent or criminal) nonstate actors. Many of our conflict management programs are intended to build partnerships between citizens and government around development projects in order to help improve perceptions of government effectiveness and build (or re-build) a measure of trust. TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIT Conflict Management MERCY CORPS 3

4 The Approach In Action In Uganda, the Building Bridges to Peace program sought to build trust and economic interaction between ethnic groups with a history of violence. Economic projects included a small dam that increased access to water for multiple communities; joint farming on land that was previously inaccessible due to insecurity; and the joint rehabilitation of local marketplaces. Economic activities were complemented by peacebuilding initiatives designed to build trust and strengthen local conflict management. The final evaluation found that communities where the program was implemented experienced improved access to natural resources, increased livelihoods opportunities, increased perceptions of security, increased trust, and strengthened inter-communal ties (e.g., intermarriage) compared with communities where the program was not implemented. In Iraq, Mercy Corps provided negotiation training to a network of Iraqi tribal, religious, government, private sector and civil society leaders. These Iraqis have worked together across regional, political and sectarian lines of division to resolve over 130 major disputes. These include tribal conflicts over land; tensions between communities and local officials over services; political disputes over de-baathification; and clashes between Sunni and Shia militias. Our final evaluation showed that network members are resolving more disputes, tackling more complex problems, and are reaching agreement more often than before the program. Importantly, Iraqi leaders can point to clear examples of where their efforts have led to a measurable reduction in violence. In Somalia, Mercy Corps brings clans together to discuss and resolve violence. Mercy Corps has convened regional dialogue forums where clan elders, religious leaders, government officials, businessmen, women and youth come together to learn new dispute resolution skills and identify causes of conflict. These forums have resulted in a ceasefire between clan elders and local government officials in Bosaso; a multiclan agreement on water rights; an agreement to ban the environmentally harmful practice of charcoal production; and an agreement endorsed by clans, religious clerics, and government officials to resolve a land dispute. Women participants in the forum have played a key role in identifying projects that address underlying causes of violence, including tree nurseries, small businesses to build fuel efficient stoves and income-generating projects for youth and women who were formerly employed in the charcoal trade. In Guatemala, Mercy Corps helps civil society groups and local government officials learn how to mediate land disputes between indigenous farmers and large landholders. To date, Mercy Corps has helped resolve over 315 land conflicts. As a result, thousands of hectares that were no-go areas due to conflict have been returned to productive use. Soon after the program s start, it became clear that without a robust follow-up economic development program, indigenous groups and small farmers would lose the land they had gained through mediation because they were unable to earn enough to make loan payments or support their families. Mercy Corps therefore expanded the program by providing small farmers with access to more affordable loans and technical assistance to improve agricultural production. In Kenya, lack of economic opportunity combined with tensions manipulated by political elites provoked youth violence in Mercy Corps Local Empowerment for Peace (LEAP) program improves the economic situation of Kenyan youth through microenterprise and livelihoods programs, reducing their vulnerability to future violence. LEAP trained 700 people in conflict management; strengthened 12 peacebuilding structures that successfully resolved 92 disputes; and facilitated over 70 events to increase understanding and mitigate violence between groups. LEAP also reached over 2,200 at-risk youth through the formation of 15 youth self-help groups, which have implemented cash-for-work projects in 15 sites. An additional 25 groups received seed capital to start microenterprises. In the first phase of the program, over two-thirds of participating youth improved their economic independence by participating in incomegenerating activities. 4 MERCY CORPS TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIT Conflict Management

5 Resources Peacebuilding through Economic Development Approach: provides an overview of Mercy Corps approach to building peace through economic and market development interventions, including program examples. Youth and Conflict Best Practices: a sample of Youth and Conflict Best Practices and Lessons Learned drawn from Mercy Corps programs, other agencies, donors, think tanks and researchers. Research and Resources on Conflict Management: please see our Conflict Management page for case studies, evaluations, and special reports. Key Partnerships Mercy Corps conflict management team works to leverage a number of external relationships to improve programming. We engage regularly with USAID s Conflict Management and Mitigation unit, specifically on monitoring and evaluation innovations. The team is actively involved in the Alliance for Peacebuilding a network of the leading peacebuilding institutions and professionals in the United States and around the world. We also cultivate relationships with the United States Institute of Peace, the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, and with private donors such as Humanity Unity and The Charitable Foundation. Mercy Corps has also been a key participant in the Peacebuilding Evaluation Project, a joint initiative of AfP and USIP to bring donors and implementing agencies together to discuss how peacebuilding evaluation can be improved. Contact Dr. Sharon Morris, Director smorris@dc.mercycorps.org TECHNICAL SUPPORT UNIT Conflict Management MERCY CORPS 5

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