Status and Prospects for Microalgae as a Source of Renewable Fuels

Transcription

1 Status and Prospects for Microalgae as a Source of Renewable Fuels José A. Olivares NAABB Executive Director Los Alamos National Laboratory and The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center Topsoe Catalysis Forum, August 18-20, 2010 Slide 1 LANL LA-UR

2 U.S Transportation Fuel Stats Gasoline (cars & trucks) 140 bgy US Focus Technoeconomic Analysis Resource Analysis/Allocation Diesel (on-road, rail) 43 bgy Biomass Intermediates Advanced Biofuels R&D Algal Biofuels R&D Biopower Aviation (jet fuel) 25 bgy Cellulosic Ethanol RD&D Sustainability Analysis & LCA Courtesy of the National Advanced Biofuels Consortium

3 Gasoline Propane (liquid) JP10 (dicyclopentadiene) Wood Methanol Black Coal Bulk =>CO2 Secondary Lithium - ion Polymer Secondary Lithium-Ion Lead Acid Battery Energy Density of Fuels and Storage Systems Liquid H 2 Density (Wh/kg)

4 Goal > Algae to Jetfuel

5 Other (52; 0.7%) Other Rail (46; (52; 0.7%) 0.7%) Other (52; 0.7%) Other Rail (46; (52; 0.7%) 0.7%) Other (52; 0.7%) Other Rail (46; (52; 0.7%) 0.7%) Other (56; 0.8%) Resident Commer ial (89; cial (50; 1.3%) 0.7%) Other (56; 0.8%) Other (56; 0.8%) Resident Commer ial (89; cial (50; 1.3%) 0.7%) Resident Commer ial (89; cial (50; 1.3%) 0.7%) Annual GHG Emissions US Only (Tg CO2 equivalent, 2006) Jet Fuel (168; 2.4%) Natural Gas (389; 5.5%) Aircraft (168; 2.4%) U.S. GHG Emissions (7,054; 100.0%) CO2 (5,983; 84.8%) Fossil Fuel Combustion (5,638; 79.9%) Transportation (1,856; 26.4%) Industrial (862; 22.2%) Gasoline (1,170; 16.6%) Cars (630; 8.9%) Light Duty Trucks (488; 6.9%) Diesel (463; 6.6%) Med. And Heavy Trucks (365; 5.2%) Coal Petroleum (122; (351; 5.0%) 1.7%) Electricity (705; 10.0%) Buildings (537; 30.5%) Electricity (1,618; 22.9%) Residential (825; 11.7%) Commercial (793; 11.2%) Natural Gas (392; 5.6%) Residential (238; 3.4%) Commercial (154; 2.2%) Petroleu m (138; 2.0%) US Territ ories (55; 0.8%) All other sources (345; 4.9%) CH4 (555; 7.9%) N2O (368; 5.2%) HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 (148; 2.1%) Electricity Generation (2,328; 33.0%) Coal (1,932; 27.4%) Natural Gas (340; 4.8%) Gasoline automobiles Gasoline light duty trucks All other gasoline Diesel medium and heavy trucks Diesel rail All other diesel Jet fuel aircraft Industrial NG combustion Industrial petroleum combustion Industrial coal combustion Jet Fuel (168; 2.4%) Natural Gas (389; 5.5%) Aircraft (168; 2.4%) Coal fueled electricity Natural U.S. GHG gas Emissions fueled (7,054; 100.0%) electricity CO2 (5,983; 84.8%) Fossil Fuel Combustion (5,638; 79.9%) Transportation (1,856; 26.4%) Industrial (862; 22.2%) Gasoline (1,170; 16.6%) Cars (630; 8.9%) Light Duty Trucks (488; 6.9%) Diesel (463; 6.6%) Med. And Heavy Trucks (365; 5.2%) All other fossil fuels electricity Coal Petroleum (122; Electricity (705; 10.0%) (351; 5.0%) 1.7%) Electricity Generation (2,328; 33.0%) Coal (1,932; 27.4%) Buildings (537; 30.5%) Electricity (1,618; 22.9%) Jet Fuel (168; Residential (825; 11.7%) Commercial (793; 11.2%) 2.4%) Natural Gas (389; 5.5%) Aircraft (168; 2.4%) Residential NG combustion Natural Gas (392; 5.6%) Residential (238; 3.4%) U.S. GHG Emissions (7,054; 100.0%) Fossil Fuel Combustion (5,638; 79.9%) Transportation (1,856; 26.4%) Industrial (862; 22.2%) Gasoline (1,170; 16.6%) Cars (630; 8.9%) Light Duty Trucks (488; 6.9%) Diesel (463; 6.6%) Med. And Heavy Trucks (365; 5.2%) CO2 (5,983; 84.8%) Coal Petroleum (122; Electricity (705; 10.0%) (351; 5.0%) 1.7%) Commercial (154; 2.2%) Petroleu m (138; 2.0%) All other sources (345; 4.9%) US Territ ories (55; 0.8%) Electricity Generation (2,328; 33.0%) Coal (1,932; 27.4%) CH4 (555; 7.9%) Buildings (537; 30.5%) Electricity (1,618; 22.9%) Residential (825; 11.7%) Commercial (793; 11.2%) N2O (368; 5.2%) HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 (148; 2.1%) Commercial NG combustion Natural Gas (392; 5.6%) Residential (238; 3.4%) All other sources US (345; 4.9%) Residential petroleum Natural Gas (340; 4.8%) combustion CH4 CO2 from all sources except fossil fuel combustion Fossil fuel combustion in US Territories Commercial petroleum combustion N2O HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 Natural Gas Courtesy (340; 4.8%) of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Commercial (154; 2.2%) Petroleu m (138; 2.0%) Territ ories (55; 0.8%) CH4 (555; 7.9%) N2O (368; 5.2%) HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 (148; 2.1%)

6 EISA Mandated Biofuel Production Targets EISA defines Cellulosic Biofuel as renewable fuel derived from any cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin that is derived from renewable biomass and that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions that are at least 60 percent less than baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. The EPA interprets this to include cellulosic-based diesel fuel. EISA defines Advanced Biofuel as renewable fuel, other than ethanol derived from corn starch, that has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions that are at least 50 percent lessthan baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. This includes biomass-based diesel, cellulosic biofuels, and other advanced fuels such as sugarcane-based ethanol Slide 6

7 Office of Biomass Programs Investments Slide 7

8 Algae R&D Consortia National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts (NAABB) $50M in Recovery Act funds Led by the Donald Danforth Plant Sciences Center Director: Dr. Jose Olivares (Los Alamos National Laboratory) Biology, Cultivation, Harvest/Dewater, Extraction, Thermochemical Conversion, Sustainability, Co-products Cellana Consortium (Cellana) $9M in appropriated funds Led by Cellana, Inc. Director: Dr. Mark Huntley (U. Hawaii) Cultivation (marine hybrid system), systems integration, co-products Consortium for Algal Biofuels Commercialization (CAB-Comm) $9M in appropriated funds Led by UC San Diego Director: Dr. Steve Mayfield (UCSD) Crop protection, Lifecycle Analysis Sustainable Algal Biofuels Consortium (SABC) $6M in appropriated funds Led by Arizona State University Director: Dr. Gary Dirks Biochemical conversion, Fuel Testing

9 Biofuels from Algae 4-50% Lipid biomass 50-90% Other biomass Rapid growth rate Double in 6-12 hours High oil content 4-50% non-polar lipids All biomass harvested 100% Continuous harvesting 24/7, not seasonally Sustainable Capture up to 90% of injected CO2 Utilize waste water Non-food

10 Advanced Biofuels Initiative DOE Office of Biomass Program established an Advanced Biofuels Initiative An element is the Algae Pathway Stakeholder workshop held December 10, 2008 National Algal Biofuels Technology Roadmap released June 28,

11 The Promise of Algae-Based Biofuels Algae has potential advantages over corn, cellulosic materials, and other crops as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels Gallons of Oil per Acre per Year Figure courtesy of Sandia National Laboratory Corn 18 Soybeans 48 Safflower 83 Sunflower 102 Rapeseed 127 Oil Palm 635 Micro Algae High biomass productivity potential Oil feedstock for higher energy-content fuels Can avoid competition with agricultural lands and water for food & feed production Can use non-fresh water, resulting in reduced pressure on limited fresh water resources Captures CO2 and recycles carbon for fuels and co-products Land Needed for Biofuel to Replace 50% of Current Petroleum Diesel using oil from: Corn Soybean Algae

12 Headliner Productivity Photo Source: AP News Eye Press Qingdao, China Green alga (Ulva prolifera) late May - early July 2008 > 200,000 tons biomass < 17 km 2 coastal area (~ 4,200 acres) Photo Source: NBC Olympics Website > 47 tons/acre

13 Technical Challenges Biology and Cultivation Energy efficient harvesting and dewatering systems Biomass extraction and fractionation Product purification A gasifier being used by a NAABB partner to convert algal biomass to fuels Cultivation system design Temperature control Invasion and fouling Cultures Growth, stability, and resilience Input requirements CO 2, H 2 O sources, energy Nitrogen and phosphorous Siting and resources Biomass Harvesting and Recovery A nano-membrane filter being developed by a NAABB partner. Process optimization Thermochemical Biochemical Fuels characteristics Co-Products Conversion and End-use

14 Multipronged Approach

15 Algae Production Systems Dr. Ben-Amotz Seambiotic Open Pond Technologies: Aurora Biofuels Carbon Capture Corp. Cellana General Atomics HR Biopetroleum Kent BioEnergy Livefuels PetroAlgae PetroSun Sapphire Energy Synthetic Genomics/Exxon Mobil XL Renewables Photobioreactor technologies: Algenol Bodega Algae Green Shift Solix Valcent content/technology Fermentation technologies: Martek Solazyme Phycal Martek Biosciences

16 Click to edit Master subtitle style

17 Development and Commercialization Value Chain Slide 17

18 NAABB Specific Objectives Developing technologies for cost-effective production of algal biomass and lipids Algal Biology - Increase overall productivity of algal biomass accumulation and lipid/hydrocarbon content Cultivation - Increase overall productivity by optimizing sustainable cultivation and production systems Harvesting/Extraction - Develop cost-effective and energy efficient harvesting and lipid extraction technologies Developing economically viable fuels and coproducts Fuel Conversion Develop technologies to convert lipids/hydrocarbons and biomass residues into useful fuels Valuable Coproducts - Develop a set of valuable coproducts to add profitability and provide flexibility to allow responsiveness to changing demands/opportunities in the market. Providing a framework for a sustainable algal biofuels industry Sustainability Analysis Quantitatively assess the energy, environment, economic viability and sustainability of the NAABB approaches to guide our strategy

19 How to Obtain New Strains? A. Genetic Engineering > Pathway engineering > Light tolerance (Example: Light-harvesting) > Salinity tolerance (Example: Dunaliella salina) > Pest control B. New Strains from Natural Habitats > Freshwater > Brackish > Marine > Hypersaline

20 Screening Fluorescent dye Nile Red (& BODIPY) Chlamydomonas sp. Tetrachlorella sp.

21 Carotenogenic Strain Chlorococcum sp. 10 μm Brightfield 60x Nile Red Fluorescenc

22 Isoprenoid Metabolism in Green Algae GA3P + Pyruvate Squalene [C30] 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose-5-P 2-C-Methyl-D-Erythritol-4-P MEP Pathway Export from the plastid Isopentenyl-PP [C5] Dimethylallyl-PP [C5] Botryococcene [C30] GPP [C10] FPP [C15] GGPP [C20] Monoterpenes Sesquiterpenes Diterpenes Export from the plastid Carotenoids [C40]

23 Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis Slide 23

24 Proteomic and Metabolic Analysis Slide 24

25 Cultivation Productivity, Environment, Nutrients, Water Real-time In-situ Monitoring (JA Thomasson, TAMU) Alupoaei, Biosensors & Bioelectronics,2003 Slide 25

26 NAABB Algal Harvesting and Extraction Strategies Sedimentation, filtration, dried air flocculation Centrifugation alone 15% solids Centrifugation and drying >90% Belt filter press - 30% Attached growth systems - surfaces Bioharvesting NAABB will develop cost-effective and energy efficient harvesting and lipid extraction technologies Harvesting technologies Acoustic focusing (LANL) Hybrid capacitive deionization/electro deionization (CDI/EDI) (TAMU) Membranes and flocculants (PNNL) Extraction Technologies Acoustic technologies (LANL) Mesoporous nanomaterials (MNM) (Catilin) Amphiphilic solvents (TAMU) Slide 26

27 NAABB Conversion Strategies Develop technologies to convert lipids/hydrocarbons and biomass residues into useful fuels Fuel characterization Physical and chemical properties of algal esters and biofuels Thermophysical and transport properties of biofuels (CSU, UOP, NMSU, UA ) Lipid conversion to fuels Catalytic decarboxylation and deoxygenation Catalytic and supercritical transesterification (UOP, DE, LANL,CAT, PNNL, NMSU) Biomass conversion to fuels Catalytic gasification Thermochemical gasification and power Fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing Anaerobic fermentation to EtOH and gasoline (CSU, UCSD, TER, GEN) Pyrox-type dual fluid-bed gasification plant with 4 drytons per day capacity Fuel properties characterization CSU Engine Lab, UOP, Slide 27

28 Terrabon MixAlco TM Carboxylic Acid Fermentation Advantages over the biochemical (sugar/enzymatic) platform does not need enzymes does not need a sterile environment during fermentation. does not require high heat or pressures for conversion.

29 CATILIN/ISU Extraction and Conversion Process T300 Catalytic Process - Nanoparticles used to convert TGA's to Diesel Nanofarming- Nanoparticles used to extract TGA's

30 Animal and Mari-culture Industry peptides, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, pigments, minerals and other valuable trace elements Amino acid content Digestibility coefficient Biological value Net protein utilization Protein efficiency ratio Slide 30