Non-interactive SQL. Introduction to Databases Manos Papagelis
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1 Non-interactive SQL Introduction to Databases Manos Papagelis Thanks to Ryan Johnson, John Mylopoulos, Arnold Rosenbloom and Renee Miller for material in these slides
2 Using a Database 2 Interactive SQL: Statements typed in from terminal; DBMS outputs to screen. Interactive SQL is inadequate in many situations: It may be necessary to process the data before output Amount of data returned not known in advance Non-interactive SQL: Statements included in an application program written in a host language such as C, Java, PHP,
3 Non-interactive SQL 3 Traditional applications often need to embed SQL statements inside the instructions of a program written in a procedural programming language (C, JAVA, etc.) There is a severe problem (impedance mismatch) between the computational model of a programming language (PL) and that of a DBMS: The variables of a PL take as values single records, those of SQL whole tables PL computations are generally on a main memory data structure, SQL ones on bulk data
4 The best of both worlds 4 Host language A conventional programming language (e.g., C, Java) that supplies control structures, computational capabilities, interaction with physical devices, SQL supplies ability to interact with database Non-interactive SQL the application program can act as an intermediary between the user at a terminal and the DBMS
5 Elements of Non-interactive SQL 5 Non-interactive SQL may use a pre-compiler to manage SQL statements Program variables may be used as parameters in the SQL statements (variable interchange) Results may be a single row (easy to handle) sets of rows (tricky to handle) Execution status predefined variable sqlstate (="00000" if executed successfully).
6 SQL Statement Preparation 6 Before any SQL statement is executed, it must be prepared by the DBMS: What indices can be used? In what order should tables be accessed? What constraints should be checked? Decisions are based on schema, table size, etc. Result is a query execution plan
7 Non-interactive SQL Approaches 7 In the DBMS Persistent Stored Modules (PSM): Code in a specialized language is stored in the database itself (e.g., PSM, PL/SQL, PL/pgSQL) Out of the DBMS Statement-level Interface (SLI): SQL statements are embedded in a host language (e.g., C) Call-level Interface (CLI): Connection tools are used to allow a conventional language to access a database (e.g., CLI, JDBC, PHP/DB)
8 PERSISTENT STORED MODULES (PSM) 8
9 Persistent Stored Procedures 9 Allow to store procedures as database schema A mixture of conventional statements (if, while, etc.) and SQL Allow do things we cannot do in SQL alone Most DBMSs offer SQL extensions that support persistent stored procedures: PostgreSQL: PL/pgSQL Oracle: PL/SQL
10 Basic PSM Form 10 CREATE PROCEDURE <name> ( <parameter list> ) <optional local declarations> <body>; Function alternative: CREATE FUNCTION <name> ( <parameter list> ) RETURNS <type>
11 Parameters in PSM 11 Unlike the usual name-type pairs in languages like C, PSM uses mode-name-type triples, where the mode can be: IN = procedure uses value, does not change value OUT = procedure changes value, does not use value INOUT = both
12 Example 12 Write a procedure that takes two arguments b and p, and adds a tuple to Sells(bar, beer, price) that has bar = Joe s Bar, beer = b, and price = p Used by Joe to add to his menu more easily. CREATE PROCEDURE JoeMenu ( IN b CHAR(20), IN p REAL ) INSERT INTO Sells VALUES ( Joe s Bar, b, p); Parameters are both read-only, not changed The body is a single insertion
13 Invoking Procedures 13 Use SQL/PSM statement CALL, with the name of the desired procedure and arguments. CALL JoeMenu('Moosedrool', 5.00);
14 Advantages of Stored Procedures 14 Intermediate data need not be communicated to application (time and cost savings) Procedure s SQL statements prepared in advance Authorization can be done at procedure level Added security since procedure resides in server Applications that call the procedure need not know the details of database schema
15 STATEMENT-LEVEL INTERFACE (SLI) 15
16 Statement Level Interface 16 SQL statements and directives in the application have a special syntax that sets them off from host language constructs e.g., EXEC SQL SQL_statement Pre-compiler scans program and translates SQL statements into calls to host language library procedures that communicate with DBMS Host language compiler then compiles program
17 Static vs Dynamic Embedding 17 SQL constructs in an application take two forms: Standard SQL statements (static SQL): Useful when SQL portion of program is known at compile time Directives (dynamic SQL): Useful when SQL portion of program not known at compile time; Application constructs SQL statements at run time as values of host language variables that are manipulated by directives Pre-compiler translates statements and directives into arguments of calls to library procedures
18 Example of Static SQL 18 EXEC SQL SELECT C.NumEnrolled INTO :num_enrolled FROM Course C WHERE C.CrsCode = :crs_code; Variables shared by host and SQL (num_enrolled, crs_code) : used to set off host variables Names of (host language) variables are contained in SQL statement and available to pre-compiler Routines for fetching and storing argument values can be generated Complete statement (with parameter values) sent to DBMS when statement is executed
19 Example of Dynamic SQL 19 strcpy (tmp, SELECT C.NumEnrolled FROM Course C WHERE C.CrsCode =? ) ; EXEC SQL PREPARE st FROM :tmp; EXEC SQL EXECUTE st INTO :num_enrolled USING :crs_code; st is an SQL variable; names the SQL statement tmp, crs_code, num_enrolled are host language variables (note colon notation) crs_code is an IN parameter; supplies value for placeholder (?) num_enrolled is an OUT parameter; receives value from C.NumEnrolled
20 CALL-LEVEL INTERFACE (CLI) 20
21 Call Level Interface 21 Application program written entirely in host language (no precompiler) using library calls Java + JDBC PHP + PEAR/DB SQL statements are values of string variables constructed at run time using host language similar to dynamic SQL Application uses string variables as arguments of library routines that communicate with DBMS e.g. executequery( SQL query statement )
22 Cursors 22 Fundamental problem with database technology: impedance mismatch traditional programming languages process records one-ata-time (tuple-oriented) SQL processes tuple sets (set-oriented). Cursors solve this problem: A cursor returns tuples from a result set, to be processed oneby-one
23 How Cursors Work? 23 cursor SELECT application Result set (or pointers to it) Base table
24 Operations on Cursors 24 Result Set: rows returned by a SELECT statement To execute the query associated with a cursor: open CursorName To extract one tuple from the query result: fetch [ Position from ] CursorName into FetchList To free the cursor, discarding the query result: close CursorName To access the current tuple (when a cursor reads a relation, in order to update it): current of CursorName (in a where clause)
25 Cursor Types 25 Insensitive cursors: Result set computed and stored in separate table at OPEN time Changes made to base table subsequent to OPEN (by any transaction) do not affect result set Cursor is read-only Sensitive cursors: Specification not part of SQL standard Changes made to base table subsequent to OPEN (by any transaction) can affect result set Cursor is updatable
26 Insensitive Cursor 26 Changes made after opening cursor not seen by the cursor cursor key1 t t t t t t t t key3 yyyyyyyy key4 zzzzzzzzz Result Set Tuples added after opening the cursor key1 t t t t q q t t t t key2 xxxxxxxxx key3 yyyrryyyy key4 zzzzzzzzzz key5 uuuuuuuuu key6 vvvvvvvvv Base Table
27 Cursor Scrolling 27 If SCROLL option is not specified in cursor declaration, FETCH always moves cursor forward one position If SCROLL option is included in cursor declaration, cursor can be moved in arbitrary ways around result set (e.g., FIRST, LAST, ABSOLUTE n, RELATIVE n)
28 JAVA: JDBC 28
29 JDBC 29 Call-level interface (CLI) for executing SQL from a Java program SQL statement is constructed at run time as the value of a Java variable (as in dynamic SQL) JDBC passes SQL statements to the underlying DBMS Can be interfaced to any DBMS that has a JDBC driver Part of SQL:2003 Standard
30 JDBC Run-Time Architecture 30 Oracle driver Oracle database Application Driver manager SQLServer driver SQLServer database DB/2 driver DB/2 DBMS database
31 Making a Connection 31 // Importing JDBC import java.sql.* //load the driver for PostgreSQL Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver"); //connect to the db Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, passwd); //disconnect conn.close();
32 Processing a Simple Query in JDBC 32 // Create a Statement Statement st = conn.createstatement(); //Execute Statement and obtain ResultSet ResultSet rs = st.executequery("select * FROM mytable WHERE columnfoo = 500"); // Process the Results while (rs.next()) { } System.out.println(rs.getString(1)); // Close ResultSet and Statement rs.close(); st.close();
33 Same, but using PreparedStatement 33 int foovalue = 500; // Prepare Statement PreparedStatement ps = conn.preparestatement("select * FROM mytable WHERE columnfoo =?"); // Set value of in-parameter ps.setint(1, foovalue); // Execute Statement and obtain ResultSet ResultSet rs = ps.executequery(); // Process the Results while (rs.next()) {System.out.println(rs.getString(1));} // Close ResultSet and PreparedStatement rs.close();ps.close(); placeholder
34 Advantages of PreparedStatements 34 Performance: The overhead of compiling and optimizing the statement is incurred only once, although the statement is executed multiple times Security: Resilient against SQL injection (see next)
35 Result Sets and Cursors 35 Three types of result sets in JDBC: Forward-only: not scrollable Scroll-insensitive: scrollable; changes made to underlying tables after the creation of the result set are not visible through that result set Scroll-sensitive: scrollable; updates and deletes made to tuples in the underlying tables after the creation of the result set are visible through the result set
36 Result Set 36 Statement stat = con.createstatement ( ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE, ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE ); Concurrency mode of ResultSet (read-only/updatable cursor ): CONCUR_READ_ONLY CONCUR_UPDATABLE Type of ResultSet (cursor operations allowed): TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE
37 Handling Exceptions 37 try {...Java/JDBC code... } catch ( SQLException ex ) { exception handling code... } try/catch is the basic structure within which an SQL statement should be embedded If an exception is thrown, an exception object, ex, is created and the catch clause is executed The exception object has methods to print an error message, return SQLSTATE, etc.
38 Transactions in JDBC 38 Default for a connection is autocommit each SQL statement is a transaction Group several statements into a Transaction: Set autocommit to false: conn.setautocommit (false); Several SQL statements: UPDATE, UPDATE, INSERT, etc. Commit statements: conn.commit(); Set autocommit back to true: conn.setautocommit(true);
39 PHP: PEAR DB 39
40 PHP 40 A language to be used for actions within HTML Indicated by <? PHP code?> Basic programming elements: Variables: must begin with $ Two kinds of Arrays: numeric and associative DB library exists within PEAR (PHP Extension and Application Repository) include with include(db.php)
41 Making a Connection 41 With the DB library imported and the array $myenv available: $conn = DB::connect($myEnv); $conn is a Connection returned by DB::connect() Function connect in the DB library
42 Executing SQL Statements 42 Method query() applies to a Connection object It takes a string argument and returns a result Could be an error code or the relation returned by a query Ex. Query: Find all the bars that sell a beer given by the variable $beer. $beer = Bud ; $result = $conn->query( SELECT bar FROM Sells WHERE beer = $beer ; );
43 Cursors in PHP 43 The result of a query is the tuples returned Method fetchrow() applies to the result and returns the next tuple, or FALSE if there is none while ($bar =$result->fetchrow()) { } // do something with $bar
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