How To Treat Water With Water From A Water Cycle
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1 Flow cytometry in drinking water research: case-study Amsterdam Marius Vital, Marco Dignum, Aleksandra Magic, Petra Ross, Luuk Rietveld and Frederik Hammes
2 Overview Waternet s philosophy behind safe drinking water Description of treatment steps Results from Techneau case-study Amsterdam 2009 Future research interests marco.dignum@waternet.nl 2
3 First watercycle company in The Netherlands Waternet takes care of the water cycle in Amsterdam and surroundings, including: Dikes and flood protection Management of surface and ground water Sewage system and waste water treatment Production and distribution of drinking water 3
4 4
5 Philosophy behind safe drinking water The 5 rules of Peter Huck University of Waterloo): 1. Protect the source 2. Good treatment 3. Good distribution 4. Monitor the quality 5. Ready for direct action + Try out new possibilities in a pilot plant marco.dignum@waternet.nl 5
6 Drinking water treatment Leiduin en Weesperkarspel (LDN) (WPK) Google Earth 6
7 Differences in the two watertypes Tabel 1. Jaargemiddelde waarden van de voor dit onderzoek relevante waterkwaliteitsparameters van het reine water van Leiduin (LDN) en Weesperkarspel (WPK) (gemiddeld over 2007 ± 95% betrouwbaarheidsinterval; aantal vrijheidsgraden tussen haakjes) Parameter LDN WPK ph 8.17 ± 0.02 (51) 7.92 ± 0.03 (51) Chloride (mg.l -1 ) 87.9 ± 1.4 (51) 79.4 ± 1.0 (51) Sulfaat (mg.l -1 ) 48.4 ± 1.0 (25) 9.0 ± 0.7 (12) Bicarbonaat (mg.l -1 ) ± 2.1 (51) ± 1.2 (62) TOC (mg.l -1 ) 1.19 ± 0.08 (27) 2.89 ± 0.09 (50) AOC (µg ac-c.l -1 ) 6.4 ± 1.1 (11) 18.4 ± 3.5 (14) Aeromonas spp. (cfu.l -1 ) af pomp 19 ± 8 (51) 390 ± 110 (81) Aeromonas spp. (cfu.l -1 ) in de periferie van het distributienet* 730 ± 280 (51) 8220 ± 1270 (237) *Gemiddelde over 10 verst gelegen monsterpunten met verblijftijd groter dan 48 uur 3 ~ 0,5% 10! marco.dignum@waternet.nl 7
8 pre-treated water rapid filter 8
9 pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation 9
10 pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation PSF 10
11 pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation PSF BAC 11
12 pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation PSF BAC slow filter reservoir 12
13 pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation PSF BAC slow filter reservoir Network (5x) PS Osdorp 13
14 pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation PSF BAC slow filter reservoir Network (5x) PS Weesperkarspel 14
15 Parameters measured 1. FCM intact cell counts 2. Cellular ATP 3. HPC / Aeromonas 4. Organic carbon: AOC and DOC marco.dignum@waternet.nl 15
16 How does flow cytometry work? Microscope lens Laser Capillary Stained bacteria 16
17 FCM direct cell count (n/ml) pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation PSF BAC slow filter reservoir Network (5x) WPK LDN Ozon dose LDN: 0,35 mg O 3 /mg C 1000 extraction point rapid filter ozonised water softened water carbon filtrate drinking water WPK: 0,33 mg O 3 /mg C distribution 1 distribution 2 distribution 3 distribution 4 distribution 5 marco.dignum@waternet.nl 17
18 AOC (µg/l) pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation PSF BAC slow filter reservoir Network (5x) AOC removal 62% WPK LDN % 0 extraction point rapid filter ozonised water softened water carbon filtrate drinking water distribution 1 distribution 2 distribution 3 distribution 4 distribution 5 marco.dignum@waternet.nl 18
19 FCM (cells/ml) ATP (ng/l) pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation PSF BAC slow filter reservoir Network (5x) 1,0E+07 WPK FCM ATP 1,0E+03 1,0E+06 1,0E+02 1,0E+05 1,0E+01 1,0E+04 1,0E+00 1,0E+03 extraction point rapid filter ozonised water softened water carbon filtrate drinking water distribution 1 distribution 2 distribution 3 distribution 4 distribution 5 1,0E-01 marco.dignum@waternet.nl 19
20 Plate count (cfu/ml) Aeromonas (cfu/ml) pre-treated water rapid filter ozonation PSF BAC slow filter reservoir Network (5x) 1,0E+05 WPK HPC25 HPC22 Aeromonas 1,0E+02 1,0E+04 1,0E+01 1,0E+03 1,0E+00 1,0E+02 1,0E+01 1,0E-01 1,0E+00 extraction point rapid filter ozonised water softened water carbon filtrate drinking water distribution 1 distribution 2 distribution 3 distribution 4 distribution 5 1,0E-02 marco.dignum@waternet.nl 20
21 Summary Actual biomass Potential biomass RSF - - Ozone PSF + -- BACF + -- SSF - - DWDS 0 0 marco.dignum@waternet.nl 21
22 Conclusions Flow cytometry and ATP are fast and easy, cultivationindependent methods for overall biomass estimation These methods correlate well and show the same pattern for both treatment plants In some cases, the methods are complementary Only a small fraction of bacteria can be cultivated; plate counts show inconsistent patterns Overall, production of hygienically safe and biologically stable drinking water without chlorine residual is possible A very specific population Aeromonas- shows instability marco.dignum@waternet.nl 22
23 Operational issues Aeromonas control (BTO) Rapid detection of Enterobacteria (Waterlab Noord) Biofilm prevention in PE pipes Breakthrough of slow sand filtration Influence of temperature on biological stability and emerging pathogens (BTO) 23
24 Future research interests Foodchain in an oligotrophic environment: what is biological stability? Understanding and preventing Legionella growth (BTO) Does microbial corrosion play a role in pipe ageing? Relationship between particle sedimentation and bacterial growth Role of protozoa as vector for pathogenic bacteria? marco.dignum@waternet.nl 24
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