Globalization, Development, and Other Players : Widening the Lens

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1 University Press Scholarship Online You are looking at of 532 items for: keywords : Latin America Globalization, Development, and Other Players : Widening the Lens David J. Gerber in Global Competition: Law, Markets, and Globalization Published in print: 2010 Published Online: May 2010 ISBN: eisbn: acprof:oso/ Competition law was of limited importance in most parts of the world outside the US and Europe until the 1990s. Since then, however, it has developed rapidly virtually everywhere, as many countries have introduced competition laws for the first time and others have intensified enforcement and implementation efforts. This chapter focuses on countries in which competition law is either relatively new or littledeveloped. These countries will be central to global competition law development, because the success of any global competition law strategy will depend on their support. The chapter reviews with varying levels of intensity the competition law experiences of Japan, Korea, China, Canada, and Australia in their own right, and it identifies patterns in Latin America and Africa. In each case, it views national experience in its global context. A main theme is the evolving relationships between national and international domains of competition law. Dualism in Latin America and the Caribbean Eileen Stillwaggon in AIDS and the Ecology of Poverty Published in print: 2005 Published Online: February 2006 ISBN: eisbn: This chapter applies the lessons of HIV in sub-saharan Africa to Latin America and the Caribbean. Economic and biological factors are important determinants of HIV transmission. Poverty, malnutrition, and parasites are endemic in much of the region, which also has additional Page 1 of 6

2 risk factors for HIV transmission, including injecting drug use and millions of street children. Statistical analysis shows high correlation between HIV prevalence and GDP per capita, international migration, urbanization, and calorie supply. The results reflect the dualism of the Latin American and Caribbean economies and their dual HIV epidemics, and suggest the reasons why HIV is spreading fastest in lower-income groups. Organizations, Technology, and Less Developed Countries: East Asia and Latin America Marcela Miozzo and Vivien Walsh in International Competitiveness and Technological Change Published in print: 2006 Published Online: May 2007 ISBN: eisbn: acprof:oso/ This chapter examines how East Asian countries became industrialized, and explores the contrast between industrialization in East Asia and Latin America since the 1970s. The chapter is organized as follows. The first section examines the debates on industrialization in the 19th century and draws lessons for industrialization in the 20th century. The second section addresses how East Asian countries caught up with the more advanced countries. The third section compares organizations and technology in Latin America and East Asia which are responsible for Latin American countries falling behind. The conclusion draws lessons for the understanding of the relation between organizations, technology, and less developed countries. Introduction: A Theory of Women s Political Representation Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer in Political Power and Women s Representation in Latin America Published in print: 2010 Published Online: September 2010 ISBN: eisbn: acprof:oso/ The growing number of women winning legislative seats in Latin America augurs important questions about the causes and consequences of women s representation. The introduction to this book articulates a comprehensive theory of women s representation that provides a multifaceted and integrated model of women s representation linking together formal, descriptive, substantive, and symbolic representation. It Page 2 of 6

3 then describes how this theory will be tested empirically with data from Latin American legislatures in the remaining chapters of the book. Descriptive Representation: Electing Women in Latin America Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer in Political Power and Women s Representation in Latin America Published in print: 2010 Published Online: September 2010 ISBN: eisbn: acprof:oso/ Why do more women get elected to Latin American legislatures today than 30 years ago and why are more women elected in some countries than others? This chapter examines how formal representation affects descriptive representation of women focusing on the proportionality of electoral rules and electoral gender quotas. It presents a statistical analysis with data on 18 Latin American democracies from 1974 (or the year of democratic transition) through It shows that large district magnitudes, large party magnitudes, and gender quotas are the most important explanations for the varying percentage of women in office. Further, it shows that the design of gender quota laws matters quotas that require larger percentages of positions on party ballots to be female, that mandate that women be placed in winnable positions on party lists, and that provide mechanisms for enforcing quotas get more women into office than weaker quota laws. Three Cases Axel Hadenius in Institutions and Democratic Citizenship Published in print: 2001 Published Online: November 2003 ISBN: eisbn: Analyses democratic development in Africa, Latin America, and India, from the point of view of socioeconomic and institutional conditions. In this comparison, India comes out as a special case. Despite unfavourable socio economic conditions, democratic development has been relatively successful. The key is favourable institutional conditions. Page 3 of 6

4 Democracy, Agency, and the State: Theory with Comparative Intent Guillermo O'Donnell Published in print: 2010 Published Online: September 2010 ISBN: eisbn: Item type: book acprof:oso/ This book aims to contribute to a comparatively informed theory of democracy. The book begins by arguing that conceptions of the state and democracy, and their respective defining features, significantly influence each other. Using an approach that is both historical and analytical, it traces this relationship through the idea of legally sanctioned and backed agency which grounds democratic citizenship. From this standpoint the book explores several aspects of the democratic regime and of the state, distinguishing four constitutive dimensions (bureaucracy, legality, focus of collective identity, and filter). The book goes on to examine the role played by the idea of the nation or the people, and the ways in which the state represents itself to different sections of society, especially in countries marred by deep inequality and pervasive poverty. Drawing on the examples of democratic and nondemocratic regime, the book discusses the dialogical spaces congenial to democracy, as well as examining the options that may or may not enable agency, and the complex comparative and ethical issues raised by the intersection of agency with globalization and legal pluralism. Throughout these discussions several comparative vistas are opened, especially but not exclusively toward Latin America. The book concludes by offering a justification of democracy, even of the flawed democracies that nowadays abound. New Growth Approach to Poverty Alleviation Philippe Aghion and Beatriz Armendáriz de Aghion in Understanding Poverty Published in print: 2006 Published Online: September 2006 ISBN: eisbn: This essay attempts to break the divide between growth and development economics. Using the example of India over the past decades, it argues that innovation and/or productivity growth have been main engines of poverty reduction in that country. It also argues that new growth theories can shed light on this process and explain why growth and poverty reduction have not occurred in Latin America. The Page 4 of 6

5 remainder of this essay is organized as follows. The second section summarizes what is currently known about the evolution of growth and poverty indicators in India since the 1960s. The third section provides a very brief presentation of new growth theory and of some of its main predictions. The fourth section uses the description of new growth theory to analyze the reform process in India. The fifth section shows that the 1991 reforms had unequalizing effects on productivity and profitability across industries and states. Finally, it reflects upon the contrasting experiences of Asia and Latin America with regard to productivity growth and poverty alleviation. Constructing Law out of Power: Investing in Human Rights as an Alternative Political Strategy Yves Dezalay and Bryant G. Garth in Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era Published in print: 2001 Published Online: November 2003 ISBN: eisbn: This chapter examines the transnational linkages, patterns of exportation and continuing connections between cause lawyers in the U.S.A. and in Latin America, and how in each region they influence, and are influenced by, transformations in governance. It argues that human rights organizations and lawyers, funded largely by U.S. philanthropic foundations, mobilized the international community in efforts to stop local human rights abuses, and thereby played a leading role in challenging authoritarian regimes in Latin America and in paving the way for democratization. However, their very success has now weakened their influence, and it is questionable how firmly rooted their achievements will turn out to be. Democratic Accountability in Latin America Scott Mainwaring and Christoper Welna (eds) Published in print: 2003 Published Online: April 2005 ISBN: eisbn: Item type: book This book brings together studies on democratic accountability in Latin America by authors from different theoretical perspectives. It seeks to further understanding on the web of institutions that form the mechanisms of accountability, the interaction between these institutions, and interaction between electoral accountability, intrastate Page 5 of 6

6 accountability, and societal oversight. The book is divided into four parts. Part I discusses conceptual and theoretical issues on accountability. Part II presents three chapters on legislatures, executives, and oversight agencies. Part III has three chapters on the judiciary and related mechanisms of accountability. Part IV deals with innovations in oversight of public officials. Page 6 of 6