Overview of Ch. 6: Behavioral Views of Learning
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1 Overview of Ch. 6: Behavioral Views of Learning Understanding Learning The ABC s of Behavior Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Classroom Behavioral Interventions Problems & Issues Applied Behavior Analysis Social Learning Theory Definition of Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience The ABC s of Behavior: Antecedents Behavior Consequences So, can control B by manipulating A s & C s Respondent (Classical) Conditioning Respondents: Involuntary responses Conditioning involves pairing 2 stimuli. Behavior is elicited Control by antecedents Conditioned reflexes: Pavlov s dilemma Conditioned Emotional Responses: Watson s experiment
2 Extinction & spontaneous recovery Generalization, Discrimination Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Neutral Stimulus (NS) Unconditioned Response (UR) Repeat pairing US with NS Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) Factors Influencing Classical Conditioning Number of pairings Consistency Timing of the CS & US: Trace, delay, simultaneous, or backward conditioning
3 Operant Conditioning Operants: deliberate actions Involves response contingent consequences Behavior is emitted Control by consequences Thorndike s Law of Effect Skinner s research: Reinforcement/punishment: Consequence that immediately follows the behavior & results in behavior being more/less likely to occur in the future Positive reinforcem./punishment: desirable/aversive stimulus presented. Ex. Premack principle Negative reinforcem./punishment aversive/desirable stim removed Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers & punishers Kinds of Reinforcement & Punishment Behavior encouraged Behavior suppressed Stimulus presented Positive (presentation) Reinforcement Positive (Presentation) Punishment Stimulus removed or or withheld Negative (Removal) Reinforcement Negative (Removal) Punishment
4 What is the difference between: Punishment & retribution for wrongdoing? Negative punishment & extinction? Ignoring the person and extinction? Reinforcement Schedules Types of Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Intermittent Fixed Variable Interval Ratio Ratio Interval Factors that influence reinforcement Immediacy Consistency Schedules of reinforcement. Which schedules of reinforcement are best for»establishing the behavior?»building persistence?»increasing rate of performance?
5 Note that: Positive & negative reinforcement often occur in the same situation. Ex. Tantrum in a grocery store. Operant & respondent behavior often occur together. Ex. Running from a dog. Behavioral Interventions in the classroom Antecedents control Provide info about expected behaviors Cueing: used to signal when a behavior should be emitted Prompting: used to get the right behavior to occur at the right time. Controlling A & C: Behavioral skills training (BST) Consequences control: Shaping, token economy, time out, response cost, & positive practice BST Procedures: Ex. Teaching assertiveness & social skills A (instructions & modeling) B (rehearsal) C (feedback) Used with learners who can follow instructions & imitate models to teach new behaviors Program for success: start with easy behaviors Model has high status or similarity Model reinforced: vicarious conditioning Immediate rehearsal Mix descriptive praise & corrective feedback Repeat rehearsal of correct behavior
6 Shaping: reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior that does not currently exist. Used when instructions & modeling not applicable or not effective Sometimes used accidentally to develop problem behaviors The Token economy: Involves systematic use of conditioned reinforcers (tokens) to increase desirable behaviors. Tokens easy to deliver & accumulate & not readily accessible Present tokens immediately after behavior & pair token delivery with descriptive praise Tokens exchanged for back-up reinforcers. Best to have a variety Begin with a continuous schedule of reinforcement & a generous exchange rate Fade tokens gradually & let natural reinforcers maintain target behavior Time out Following problem behavior, child immediately removed from all reinforcement Provide no attention when taking child to time out Time out must be brief, practical, & safe Child must be calm before release Time-in environment must be reinforcing
7 Response Cost: contingent on the problem behavior a reinforcer is immediately removed Reinforcer lost must be large & important Symbolize the reinforcer loss if not immediate Use reinforcement of desirable behavior with response cost Consider ethical issues Positive practice: contingent on problem behavior, the individual has to engage in correct forms of relevant behavior for a period of time. Caution Problems & Issues Side Effects of Punishment Escape/avoidance behaviors negatively reinforced Modeling the use of punishment Use of punishment negatively reinforced User established as a conditioned punisher Ethical issues Effects of use of extrinsic rewards Effect of satiation on motivation
8 Applied Behavior Analysis Baseline behavior & Target behavior Scientific approach: A-B-A-B design (A=baseline, B=treatment) Classroom application: A-B design 1 - Specify the desired behavior 2 - Plan a specific intervention 3 - Keep track of the results Social Learning Theory Bandura s Social Cognitive Theory: Reciprocal determinism:behav is influenced by & also influences both internal factors (observations & expectations) & external factors (conditioning) Observational learning (modeling)»attention: affected by competence, popularity, & similarity of model»analysis & Retention: affected by one s developmental status & rehearsal»decision making: affected by one s goals, motivation level & vicarious conditioning (leads to strengthening/weakening of inhibitions)»reproduction
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