Fat-Soluble Vitamin and Micromineral Concentrations in Preruminant Dairy Calves Fed to Achieve Different Growth Rates

Transcription

1 Animl Industry Report AS 654 ASL R Ft-Solule Vitmin nd Microminerl Concentrtions in Preruminnt Diry Clves Fed to Achieve Different Growth Rtes Brin J. Nonnecke United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture Monic R. Foote Iow Stte University Ronld L. Horst United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture W. Ry Wters United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture Bill L. Miller Lnd O'Lkes Inc. See next pge for dditionl uthors Recommended Cittion Nonnecke, Brin J.; Foote, Monic R.; Horst, Ronld L.; Wters, W. Ry; Miller, Bill L.; Johnson, Tom E.; nd Fowler, Mike (2008) "Ft-Solule Vitmin nd Microminerl Concentrtions in Preruminnt Diry Clves Fed to Achieve Different Growth Rtes," Animl Industry Report: AS 654, ASL R2298. Aville t: This Diry is rought to you for free nd open ccess y the Animl Science Reserch Reports t Digitl Iow Stte University. It hs een ccepted for inclusion in Animl Industry Report y n uthorized dministrtor of Digitl Iow Stte University. For more informtion, plese contct hinefuku@istte.edu.

2 Authors Brin J. Nonnecke, Monic R. Foote, Ronld L. Horst, W. Ry Wters, Bill L. Miller, Tom E. Johnson, nd Mike Fowler This diry is ville in Animl Industry Report:

3 Iow Stte University Animl Industry Report 2008 Ft-Solule Vitmin nd Microminerl Concentrtions in Preruminnt Diry Clves Fed to Achieve Different Growth Rtes A.S. Leflet R2298 Brin J. Nonnecke, USDA.ARS, collortor; Monic R. Foote, grdute student (currently postdoctorl resercher, Cornell University, Ithc); Ronld L. Horst, USDA.ARS, collortor; W. Ry Wters, USDA.ARS, collortor; Bill L. Miller, Tom E. Johnson, nd Mike Fowler, Lnd O Lkes Inc. Summry nd Implictions Effects of neontl growth rte on plsm concentrtions of ft-solule vitmins, zinc, nd copper in preruminnt clves were evluted. Clves were ssigned to dietry tretments designed to chieve three trgeted rtes of gin [No-Growth (NG) = 0.0 kg/d, Low-Growth (LG) = 0.55 kg/d, or High-Growth (HG) = 1.2 kg/d] over 7 wk period. MR intkes needed to chieve specified growthrtes were estimted using the NRC Nutrient Requirements of Diry Cttle clf model computer progrm. Clves were fed 30% CP, 20% ft, MR reconstituted to 14% DM. Becuse vitmin levels in the MR were sed on DM intke of HG clves, NG nd LG clves were supplemented with dditionl vitmins once weekly to compenste for reduced MR consumption. Growth rtes for NG (0.11 kg/d), LG (0.58 kg/d), nd HG (1.16 kg/d) clves differed throughout the study. Although vitmins A nd D, nd Zn concentrtions were unffected y growth rte, their concentrtions incresed nd Zn/Cu concentrtions decresed with time. Throughout the study their concentrtions remined within norml rnges for the preruminnt clf. Vitmin E nd copper were ffected y growth rte. At wk 7, HG clves hd lower vitmin E concentrtions thn LG nd NG clves. Copper concentrtions were greter for HG clves thn LG nd NG clves from wk 4 to wk 7. Copper nd vite concentrtions, however, remined within rnges considered norml for preruminnt clves. These results suggest tht growth rte during the neontl period influences vite nd Cu vilility. Introduction Vitmin A functions in vision, growth, one formtion, nd immune function; vitmin E cts s lipid-phse ntioxidnt; nd vitmin D regultes clcium/phosphorus homeostsis nd immune function. Neworn clves hve low plsm vitmin A (retinol < 40 ng/ml), vitmin E (tocopherol < 200 ng/ml) nd vitmin D (17-21 ng/ml) concentrtions reltive to dults (retinol, ng/ml, tocopherol > 0 ng/ml, nd 25-hydroxyvitminD 3, ng/ml). Producers often dminister vitmins A/E/D fter irth nd clf milk replcers re supplemented with these vitmins to promote dequte sttus. In 2001, the NRC incresed vitmin A (9,000 IU/kg of DM) nd vite ( IU/kg of DM) requirements for diry clves. Vitmin D (600 IU/kg of DM) requirements re the sme s those recommended y the NRC in Copper nd Zn re cofctors in vriety of importnt enzymes, some of which re ssocited intimtely with respirtion nd immune cell function. Serum Cu concentrtions of < 0. μg/ml re indictive of deficiency. Norml lood concentrtion rnge for Zn is considered to e 0.7 to 1.3 μg/ml. Effects of growth rte on ft-solule vitmin nd microminerl sttus of neontl clves hve not een descried. The ojective of this study ws to evlute the effects of three-trgeted growth rtes on ft-solule vitmins, nd Cu nd Zn concentrtions in the circultion of preruminnt diry clves Mterils nd Methods Neworn Holstein clves were fed colostrum within 6h of irth nd were housed in individul elevted pens in temperture-controlled (18 C) rn. Clves were ssigned to one of three tretment groups (8 clves/tretment) designed to chieve NG (0.0 kg/d), LG (0.55 kg/d), or HG (1.2 kg/d) in live weight over n 8-wk period. All clves were fed 30% CP, 20% ft, ll-milk protein, MR reconstituted to 14% DM. The composition of the diet ensured tht protein ws not limiting nutrient. MR composition is provided in Tle 1. The mount of MR fed ws djusted weekly to llow for chnges in live weight. NG nd LG clves were supplemented weekly with vitmins A/E/D to compenste for their reduced consumption of MR nd to ssure ll clves received similr mounts of A, D, nd E. Clves were ucket-fed twice dy (0700 nd 1800 h) nd offered wter d liitum. Strter grin ws not offered. Serum vitmin nd minerl concentrtion were determined weekly. Retinol nd α- tocopherol concentrtions were nlyzed y reverse-phse HPLC nd 25-hydroxyvitmin D 3 y rdioimmunossy. Serum Cu nd Zn concentrtions were nlyzed y tomic sorption spectrometry. Clf helth ws monitored nd recorded dily. Results nd Discussion Growth rtes for NG (0.11 kg/d), LG (0.58 kg/d), nd HG (1.16 kg/d) clves differed during the 7 wk tril (Fig. 1.). Exmining the reltionship etween growth rte nd

4 Iow Stte University Animl Industry Report 2008 helth, five HG clves nd two NG clves required tretment for scours. No LG clves experienced scours. Three HG clves were treted for respirtory illness. Lowor NG clves did not show signs of respirtory illness. Tle 1. Composition of milk replcer 1. Component Anlysis Crude protein not less thn 30% of DM Ft not less thn 20% of DM Lctose not less thn 30% of DM Crude fier not more thn 0.15% of DM Clcium not more thn 1.25% of DM Phosphorous not less thn 0.70% Retinyl cette not less thn 20,000 IU/l 25-hydroxyvitmin D 3 not less thn 5,000 IU/l Tocopheryl cette not less thn IU/l 1 Mnufctured y Lnd O Lkes Animl Milk Products Co, Shoreview, MN Figure 1. Body weights (mens + SEM) of clves fed milk replcer to chieve no-, low-, nd high growth rtes (n = 8/tretment). Dietry tretments were initited t wk 0. Weight, kg No-growth Low-growth High-growth Serum vitmin A/D (Fig. 2) nd Zn (Fig. 3) concentrtions were unffected y growth rte; however, A nd D incresed nd Zn decresed with time. These ge-relted chnges re representtive of those reported for preruminnt clves. Vitmins A/D nd Zn concentrtions were within norml rnges for neontl clves. Serum vite nd Cu concentrtions; however, were ffected y growth rte. At wk 6 & 7, vite levels in HG 7 clves rnged from 47% to 66% of those in NG- nd LG clves ut were still within the norml rnge for preruminnt clves. These results suggest tht feeding to chieve high growth rtes in preruminnt clves my increse iologicl demnd for vite nd incresed supplementtion of the diet my e justified. Figure 2. Vitmins A (pnel ), E (pnel ), nd D (pnel c) concentrtions (mens + SEM) in ser from clves fed to chieve no-, low-, nd high growth rtes (n = 8/tretment).,, Tretment mens t specific time (i.e. wk of study) with different letter superscripts differ, P < 0.05 Retinol, ng/ml RRR-α-Tocopherol, ng/ml 25-OH Vitmin D 3, ng/ml c. No-Growth Low-Growth High-Growth Serum Cu levels in NG nd LG clves were lower thn those in HG clves from wk 3 to 7 (Fig. 3). Norml Cu rnge is etween μg/ml with deficiency occurring t < 0.6 μg/ml. The iologicl significnce of the progressive decline in serum Cu in NG nd LG clves to pproximtely 0.7 μg/ml is unknown. Serum Cu

5 Iow Stte University Animl Industry Report 2008 concentrtions in the clf normlly chieve ner-dult vlues (1.0 μg/ml) y 1 wk of ge. Figure 3. Copper (pnel ) nd zinc (pnel ) concentrtions (mens + SEM) in ser from clves fed to chieve no-, low-, nd high growth rtes (n = 8/tretment).,, Tretment mens t specific time (i.e. wk of study) with different letter superscripts differ, P < No-Growth Low-Growth High-Growth Copper, μg/ml Zinc, μg/ml